key words

Question 1

what are dalmation coastlines/ pacific coastlines?

^rise in sea level^

Answer 1

distinctive submergent feature where valleys have been flooded leaving a series of islands parallel to coastline
(Croatia)

Question 2

characteristics of destructive waves

Answer 2

weak swash, strong backwash
created in stormy conditions becoming frequent.
paired with high energy environments leading to landforms of erosion

Question 3

define dynamic equilibrium

affected by natural and human variation

Answer 3

a state of balance where inputs and outputs are changing.

erosional and depositional processes fall into feedback cycles

Question 4

what is eustatic change?

Answer 4

A global change in sea level as a result of cryospheric processes such as glacial melt or hydropsheric processes such as the thermohaline circulation
tectonic activity can also cause eustatic change as can rising temperatures as a result of climate change

Question 5

what can cause eustatic change?

Answer 5

thermal expansion
glacial meltwater/ temperature
ice ages

Question 6

define coastal morphology

Answer 6

origin and evolution of a coastline

Question 7

what is isostatic change?

Answer 7

variation land height in relation to sea level. this causes a LOCALised sea level change

Question 8

what can cause isostatic change?

Answer 8

during glacial periods, build up of ice can cause COMPRESSION so land sinks.
ice can melt leading to DECOMPRESSION/isostatic rebound so land rises

Question 9

what is Coastal Recession

Answer 9

The retreat of a coastline due to erosion, sea-level rise or submergence.

Question 10

what are discordant coastlines?

Answer 10

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run perpendicular to the shore.

Question 11

what is the difference between Concordant coasts and Discordant coastlines?

Answer 11

A concordants coastlines have bands of alternate geology running parallel to the coast.
Discordant coastlines allow for the formation of distintive erosional landforms

Question 12

what is Fetch?

Answer 12

The distance the wave travels before it reaches the coastline.

Question 13

examples of submergent landforms

Answer 13

fjords - u shaped glacial valleys. (Milford Sound N.Z)
rias - v shaped river valleys (Kingsbridge estuary Devon)
dalmations coatlines

Question 14

what are examples of emergent landforms

Answer 14

raised beaches (isle of Arran, Scotland)
relic cliffs
arch, stacks, stumps, wcn (old harry dorset, holderness)

Question 15

define geology

Answer 15

The structure and arrangement of a rock

Question 16

what is lithology (sediment, metamorph, igneous)

Answer 16

charactersitics of the rock.
Is it easy to erode? do the managment blend in well with the distinctive colours?
geology/crystal arrangement affects this!!

Question 17

marine factors

terrestal factors

Answer 17

erosion, depostision, transportation

subaerial P, geology,

Question 18

characteristics of constructive waves

Answer 18

strong swash, weak backwash, low frequency

seen in low energy envrionments leading to coastal landforms of depostion

Question 19

define Mass Movement

Answer 19

downwards movement of material under INFLUENCE of gravity

Question 20

define weathering

Answer 20

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks.

can become inputs into another sediment cell

Question 21

what is erosion?

Answer 21

removal of sediment from coastline

COLLABorative process

Question 22

strategies used in SMP’s

Answer 22

Hold the Line
Advance the Line
Managed Realignment
No Active Intervention

Question 23

what is an SMP?

Answer 23

holistic way of managing a sediment cell as part of ICZM. by identifing natural and human activities in the coastal area and implementing the appropiate coastal strategies

often more SUSTAINABLE than traditonal but doesn’t directly deal with issue at hand

Question 24

what are envrionmental refugees

Answer 24

migration due to sea level rise (kiribati)

Question 25

how has Kiribati responded to its isostatic change?

Answer 25

obtained 20km² land from Fiji and residents can opt into “migration with dignity” to N.Z and are
^adapting^.

land used to provide food security as the archipelago groundwater supply becoming saline

Question 26

What is the difference between beach accretion
beach excavation?

accretion can be ued for mangroves

Answer 26

the build up of a beach / accumuluation so involves constructive waves whilst
excavation involves destructive waves which remove sediment/ erode the beach

Question 27

How is a swash-aligned beach formed?

Answer 27

Wave crests approach perpendicular to coast.
less longshore drift so less transportation along beach of sediment
leading to the formation of a shingle beach with larger sediment

Question 28

How is a drift-aligned formed?

Answer 28

Waves approach at a significant angle to coast
increased rate of longshore drift so more transportation.
may lead to the formation of a spit containing smaller, finer sediment than at the top of the beach