Key Words Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
the name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together
articulating bones
bones that meet at a joint to enable movement
synovial joint
an area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet
extension
increase in the angle of bones at a joint
flexion
decrease in the angle of bones at a joint
abduction
movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body
rotation
a circular movement around a joint/an axis
plantar flexion
movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the ankle joint
dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the joint
tendon
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone, its role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in the movement of that bone
prime mover/agonist
the muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement
antagonist
the muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place
isotonic contraction
a muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts, resulting in limb movement. Isotonic contractions can be concentric (when the muscle contracts and shortens) or eccentric (when the muscle contracts and lengthens)
isometric contraction
a muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts, there is no limb movement as a result
cardio-respiratory system
the name used to describe the respirator system and the cardiovascular system working together
gaseous exchange
the process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli
haemoglobin
the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body
alveoli
small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place
capillaries
a network of microscopic blood vessels that are only one cell think
diffusion pathway
the distance travelled during diffusion
inhalation/inspiration
the process of breathing in
exhalation/expiration
the process of breathing out
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume
residual volume
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
tidal volume
the normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
vital capacity
the largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration
deoxygenated blood
blood containing a low concentration of oxygen
oxygenated blood
blood containing a high concentration of oxygen
pulse
the rhythmic throbbing that you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body, measures heart rate
backflow
the flowing backwards of blood
diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood
systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood
cardiac cycle
one cycle of diastole and systole
blood pressure
the pressure the blood is under, the systolic reading measures the pressure when the heart contracts, the diastolic reading measures the pressure when the heart relaxes
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow
vasodilation
the widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
stroke volume (S)
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
cardiac output (Q)
the volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
aerobic exercise
working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and cab work for a long period of time
intensity
the amount of energy needed to complete an activity
anaerobic energy
working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise, characterised by an increased breathing rate and deeper breathing after exercise
delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
the pain you feel in your muscles the day after you exercise
hypertrophy
the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in size of its cells
