Key Words Flashcards
What uses oxygen to release lots of energy from glucose in mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
What is an alternative form of a gene?
Allele
A small molecule used to make protein
Amino acid
Enzyme that catalyses breakdown of starch into glucose, in the mouth and small intestine?
Amylase
Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen to produce a small amount of energy very quickly?
Anaerobic respiration
Greenish fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats
Bile
A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being changed itself
Catalyst
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
Cell
What is the green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorb light energy?
Chlorophyll
A structure found in plant cells and algae which contains chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
A gel-like substance in a cell where most of the chemical reactions take place?
Cytoplasm
When the active site of an enzyme is changed and no longer binds to a subtrate. This occurs by temperature or pH.
Denatured
The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job.
Differentiation
Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low one.
Diffusion
The molecule in cells that stores genetic information
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The conditions surrounding an organism
Environment
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst?
Enzyme
The fusion of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction.
Fertilisation
Sex cell formed by meiosis.
Gamete
A measure of the light energy used photosynthesis.
Light intensity
A factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis e.g concentration of CO2, light intensity and temperature.
Limiting factor
Digestive Enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
Lipase
Calculated by adding the total number of data and dividing by the number of samples
Mean
The middle value in a list of data
Median
Cell division that forms gametes. The haploid cells do not have any pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis
ME. Forms ME.
Chemical essential to healthy plant growth e.g nitrate needed to make amino acids
Mineral
Organelle found in the cytoplasm where respiration occurs
Mitochondrion
A type of cell division where body cells divide once to produce two genetically identical cells. Important for growth and repair.
Mitosis
The most common value in a set of data
Mode
A collection of tissues that work together to carry out a particular function
Organ
Chemical reaction where water and carbon dioxide react to make glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids
Protease
A chain of amino acids that had specific 3D structure
Protein
Apparatus used to sample organisms in a habitat
Quadrat
Sampling where no bias is shown
Random sampling
The maximum and minimum values of a set of data
Range
A structure in a cell where protein is made
Ribosomes
Where organisms reproduce by mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring
Asexual reproduction
A detergent(washing powder) that contains enzymes to help break down stains.
Biological detergent.
A type of enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.
Carbohydrase
A person who carries the allele for a genetic disorder, but who doesn’t have any symptoms of the disorder.
Carrier
A membrane surrounding a cell,which holds it all together and controls what goes in or not.
Cell membrane
A structure surrounding some cell types,which gives strength and support. In plant and algal Belles the cell wall is made of cellulose.
Cell wall
A molecule used to make strong cells walls in plant and algae.
Cellulose.
A long molecule of DNA found in the nucleus.
Chromosome.
A genetic disorder of the cell membranes caused by a recessive allele
Cystic fibrosis
The breakdown of dead organisms
Decay
The allele for the characteristic that’s shown by an organism if two different alleles are present for that characteristic.
Dominant allele
Where organisms are found in a particular area
Distribution
Genetic analysis of a cell taken from an embryo before it’s implanted into the uterus during IVF, in order to check that the embryo doesn’t carry any genetic disorders.
Embryonic screening
A stem cell found in the early human embryo
Embryonic stem cell
A type of plant tissue that covers the whole of a plant
Epidermal tissue
A type of animal tissue which covers some parts of the body. e.g the inside of the stomach
Epithelial tissue
The gradual change in a species over time
Evolution
The process by which a species dies out
Extinction
The remains of an organism from many years ago, which is found in rock.
Fossil
The history of life on Earth, preserved as fossils
Fossil record
A short section of DNA, which contains the instructions needed to make a protein
Gene
An inherited disorder that can be caused by abnormal gene or chromosome
Genetic disorder
Which alleles you have e.g. Tt
Genotype
A type of animal tissue which makes and secretes substances like enzymes hormones
Glandular tissue
A molecule that acts as a store of glucose and liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
The place where an organism lives
Habitat
Where an organism has to alleles for a particular gene that are the same
Homozygous
Where an organism has to alleles for a particular gene that are the different
Heterozygous
The product of anaerobic respiration that builds up in muscle cells and can cause muscle fatigue
Lactic acid
Organ in the mammalian digestive system where water from undigested food is absorbed, producing faeces
Large intestine
A organ in the mammalian digestive system which produces bile
Liver
A type of plant tissue which is where photosynthesis occurs
Mesophyll tissue
When You close two parents to look at the inheritance of just one characteristic controlled by a single gene
Monohybrid cross
An organism made up of more than one cell
Multicellular organism
Where muscles become tired and can’t contract efficiently
Muscle fatigue
A type of animal tissue which contracts (shortens) to move whatever it’s attached to
Muscular tissue
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
Organ system
The extra oxygen that needs repaying after Anaerobic respiration in order to oxidise the lactic acid which is built up in the muscle cells
Oxygen debt
An organ and gland in the mammal digestive system which produces digestive juices
Pancreas
Structure and plant cells that contain cells sap
Permanent vacuole (plant cells)
Characteristics you have. example: blue eyes
Phenotype
A type of plant tissue which transport sucrose around the plants
Phloem
A genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele where a sufferer has extra fingers or toes
Polydactyly
A type of genetic diagram
Punnet square
An allele whose characteristic only appears in an organism if there are two copies present
Recessive allele
An organ (and gland) in the mammal digestive system which produces digestive juices
Salivary gland
One of the 23rd pair of chromosomes - together they determine whether an individual is male or female
Sex chromosomes
X or Y
An organ the mammalian digestive system where food is digested and soluble food molecules are absorbed
Small intestine
A cell which performs a specific function
Specialised cell
The development of a new species
Speciation
A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring
Species
An insoluble molecule used as a store of glucose in plants and algae
Starch
An undifferentiated cell which has the ability to become one of many different types of cell
Stem cell
An organ the mammalian digestive system where food is digested.
Stomach.
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function. It can include more than one type of cell.
Tissue.
A line that can used to study the distribution of organisms across an area.
Transect
A type of plant tissue which transports water and mineral irons around the plant
Xylem
Type of single celled microorganism.
Yeast
What is it called when a subtrate binds to an enzyme?
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