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Key Words Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What uses oxygen to release lots of energy from glucose in mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

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2
Q

What is an alternative form of a gene?

A

Allele

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3
Q

A small molecule used to make protein

A

Amino acid

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4
Q

Enzyme that catalyses breakdown of starch into glucose, in the mouth and small intestine?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen to produce a small amount of energy very quickly?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

Greenish fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats

A

Bile

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7
Q

A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being changed itself

A

Catalyst

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8
Q

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

A

Cell

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9
Q

What is the green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorb light energy?

A

Chlorophyll

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10
Q

A structure found in plant cells and algae which contains chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll

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11
Q

A gel-like substance in a cell where most of the chemical reactions take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

When the active site of an enzyme is changed and no longer binds to a subtrate. This occurs by temperature or pH.

A

Denatured

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13
Q

The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job.

A

Differentiation

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14
Q

Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low one.

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

The molecule in cells that stores genetic information

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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16
Q

The conditions surrounding an organism

A

Environment

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17
Q

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst?

A

Enzyme

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18
Q

The fusion of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction.

A

Fertilisation

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19
Q

Sex cell formed by meiosis.

A

Gamete

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20
Q

A measure of the light energy used photosynthesis.

A

Light intensity

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21
Q

A factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis e.g concentration of CO2, light intensity and temperature.

A

Limiting factor

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22
Q

Digestive Enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine

A

Lipase

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23
Q

Calculated by adding the total number of data and dividing by the number of samples

A

Mean

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24
Q

The middle value in a list of data

A

Median

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25
Q

Cell division that forms gametes. The haploid cells do not have any pairs of chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

ME. Forms ME.

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26
Q

Chemical essential to healthy plant growth e.g nitrate needed to make amino acids

A

Mineral

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27
Q

Organelle found in the cytoplasm where respiration occurs

A

Mitochondrion

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28
Q

A type of cell division where body cells divide once to produce two genetically identical cells. Important for growth and repair.

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

The most common value in a set of data

A

Mode

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30
Q

A collection of tissues that work together to carry out a particular function

A

Organ

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31
Q

Chemical reaction where water and carbon dioxide react to make glucose and oxygen.

A

Photosynthesis

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32
Q

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

A

Protease

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33
Q

A chain of amino acids that had specific 3D structure

A

Protein

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34
Q

Apparatus used to sample organisms in a habitat

A

Quadrat

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35
Q

Sampling where no bias is shown

A

Random sampling

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36
Q

The maximum and minimum values of a set of data

A

Range

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37
Q

A structure in a cell where protein is made

A

Ribosomes

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38
Q

Where organisms reproduce by mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring

A

Asexual reproduction

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39
Q

A detergent(washing powder) that contains enzymes to help break down stains.

A

Biological detergent.

40
Q

A type of enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.

A

Carbohydrase

41
Q

A person who carries the allele for a genetic disorder, but who doesn’t have any symptoms of the disorder.

A

Carrier

42
Q

A membrane surrounding a cell,which holds it all together and controls what goes in or not.

A

Cell membrane

43
Q

A structure surrounding some cell types,which gives strength and support. In plant and algal Belles the cell wall is made of cellulose.

A

Cell wall

44
Q

A molecule used to make strong cells walls in plant and algae.

A

Cellulose.

45
Q

A long molecule of DNA found in the nucleus.

A

Chromosome.

46
Q

A genetic disorder of the cell membranes caused by a recessive allele

A

Cystic fibrosis

47
Q

The breakdown of dead organisms

A

Decay

48
Q

The allele for the characteristic that’s shown by an organism if two different alleles are present for that characteristic.

A

Dominant allele

49
Q

Where organisms are found in a particular area

A

Distribution

50
Q

Genetic analysis of a cell taken from an embryo before it’s implanted into the uterus during IVF, in order to check that the embryo doesn’t carry any genetic disorders.

A

Embryonic screening

51
Q

A stem cell found in the early human embryo

A

Embryonic stem cell

52
Q

A type of plant tissue that covers the whole of a plant

A

Epidermal tissue

53
Q

A type of animal tissue which covers some parts of the body. e.g the inside of the stomach

A

Epithelial tissue

54
Q

The gradual change in a species over time

A

Evolution

55
Q

The process by which a species dies out

A

Extinction

56
Q

The remains of an organism from many years ago, which is found in rock.

A

Fossil

57
Q

The history of life on Earth, preserved as fossils

A

Fossil record

58
Q

A short section of DNA, which contains the instructions needed to make a protein

A

Gene

59
Q

An inherited disorder that can be caused by abnormal gene or chromosome

A

Genetic disorder

60
Q

Which alleles you have e.g. Tt

A

Genotype

61
Q

A type of animal tissue which makes and secretes substances like enzymes hormones

A

Glandular tissue

62
Q

A molecule that acts as a store of glucose and liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

63
Q

The place where an organism lives

A

Habitat

64
Q

Where an organism has to alleles for a particular gene that are the same

A

Homozygous

65
Q

Where an organism has to alleles for a particular gene that are the different

A

Heterozygous

66
Q

The product of anaerobic respiration that builds up in muscle cells and can cause muscle fatigue

A

Lactic acid

67
Q

Organ in the mammalian digestive system where water from undigested food is absorbed, producing faeces

A

Large intestine

68
Q

A organ in the mammalian digestive system which produces bile

A

Liver

69
Q

A type of plant tissue which is where photosynthesis occurs

A

Mesophyll tissue

70
Q

When You close two parents to look at the inheritance of just one characteristic controlled by a single gene

A

Monohybrid cross

71
Q

An organism made up of more than one cell

A

Multicellular organism

72
Q

Where muscles become tired and can’t contract efficiently

A

Muscle fatigue

73
Q

A type of animal tissue which contracts (shortens) to move whatever it’s attached to

A

Muscular tissue

74
Q

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

A

Organ system

75
Q

The extra oxygen that needs repaying after Anaerobic respiration in order to oxidise the lactic acid which is built up in the muscle cells

A

Oxygen debt

76
Q

An organ and gland in the mammal digestive system which produces digestive juices

A

Pancreas

77
Q

Structure and plant cells that contain cells sap

A

Permanent vacuole (plant cells)

78
Q

Characteristics you have. example: blue eyes

A

Phenotype

79
Q

A type of plant tissue which transport sucrose around the plants

A

Phloem

80
Q

A genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele where a sufferer has extra fingers or toes

A

Polydactyly

81
Q

A type of genetic diagram

A

Punnet square

82
Q

An allele whose characteristic only appears in an organism if there are two copies present

A

Recessive allele

83
Q

An organ (and gland) in the mammal digestive system which produces digestive juices

A

Salivary gland

84
Q

One of the 23rd pair of chromosomes - together they determine whether an individual is male or female

A

Sex chromosomes

X or Y

85
Q

An organ the mammalian digestive system where food is digested and soluble food molecules are absorbed

A

Small intestine

86
Q

A cell which performs a specific function

A

Specialised cell

87
Q

The development of a new species

A

Speciation

88
Q

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

A

Species

89
Q

An insoluble molecule used as a store of glucose in plants and algae

A

Starch

90
Q

An undifferentiated cell which has the ability to become one of many different types of cell

A

Stem cell

91
Q

An organ the mammalian digestive system where food is digested.

A

Stomach.

92
Q

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function. It can include more than one type of cell.

A

Tissue.

93
Q

A line that can used to study the distribution of organisms across an area.

A

Transect

94
Q

A type of plant tissue which transports water and mineral irons around the plant

A

Xylem

95
Q

Type of single celled microorganism.

A

Yeast

96
Q

What is it called when a subtrate binds to an enzyme?

A

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Additional Biology (1 decks)

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