Key Words

Question 1

Define Socialisation

Answer 1

The process of learning all the things necessary for us to be accepted as full members of society. Norms and Values

Question 2

Define Primary Socialisation

Answer 2

Relationship between an individual and someone they are close with (Primary relationships). For example. family, friends

Question 3

Define Gender

Answer 3

Refers to the cultural expectations associated with being male or female. Refers to whether an individual is masculine or feminine

Question 4

Define Culture
What does it consist of?

Answer 4

The whole life of a group of people passes from one generation to the next. It consists of norms, values, interests, habits, and language.

Question 5

Define Communism

Answer 5

Classless society where everyone shares the same labour

Question 6

Define Conflict Theory

Answer 6

Marxists see society based on Class conflict. Argue society is divided into two social classes:
Proletariat: Own nothing but their own labour. Sell their labour to survive.
Bourgeoisie: Own the means of production (Factories, Land, Raw materials)

Question 7

Define Determinism

Answer 7

When external forces determine our decisions in life.

Question 8

Define Subculture

Answer 8

A cultural group within a larger culture, has distinctive beliefs to the larger culture. (Gangs)

Question 9

Define Gender Identity

Answer 9

Refers to the gender a person identifies with

Question 10

Define Norms

Answer 10

Rules or guidelines that govern our behaviour in specific situations

Question 11

Define Organic Analogy

Answer 11

Society is like a biological organism (human body)

Question 12

Define Means of Production

Answer 12

Factories, raw material, land that the bourgeoisie own

Question 13

Define False Class Consciousness

Answer 13

Refers to when people are unaware that they are being exploited

Question 14

Define Role

Answer 14

How someone with a particular status is expected to act

Question 15

Define Gender Socialisation

Answer 15

refers to the process in learning our gender identity

Question 16

Define Construction of Gender

Answer 16

behaviours associated with each gender are socially constructed

Question 17

Define Sex

Answer 17

Refers to whether an individual is male or female. It can be linked to physical characteristics

Question 18

Define Ideological Control

Answer 18

Set of beliefs that serve the interest of a dominant group justifying their privileged position.

Question 19

Define Consensus

Answer 19

Functionalists see society as based on value consensus. An agreement among its members about its basic values
-See society as one body, if one part does not work all of society will dysfunction

Question 20

Define Society

Answer 20

A group of people who have common interests and a distinctive culture.

Question 21

Define Nurture

Answer 21

The belief that our behaviour is learned from our environment. modelling

Question 22

Define Glass Ceiling

Answer 22

An invisible barrier (in the world of business) which prevents women from achieving the top positions in society.

Question 23

Define Secondary Socialisation

Answer 23

Relationship between individuals and people who they have secondary relationships with. **(Education, Media)

Question 24

Define Capitalism

Answer 24

Type of economy which is based on competition and the production of goods for profit.

Question 25

Define Construction of Gender

Answer 25

behaviours associated with each gender are socially constructed

Question 26

Define Values

Answer 26

Ideas about what is good, right, fair, or desirable.
(British values, honesty, respect)

Question 27

Define Nature

Answer 27

The belief that a person’s behaviour is passed down (inherited)

Question 28

Define Social Structures

Answer 28

GROUPS: Family, Peer Groups, Friendship Groups
ORGANISATIONS: School, Legal System, Workplace, Media

Question 29

Define Free Will

Answer 29

The ability to act without external forces determining our decisions

Question 30

Define Value Consensus

Answer 30

Members of society agreeing on norms and values. Holds society together and social order is achieved

Question 31

Define Patriarchy

Answer 31

A male-dominated society

Question 32

Define Formal/Informal Sanctions

Answer 32

Formal Sanctions- Uphold the law (fine, unemployment)
Informal Sanctions- Uphold expectations. ensures individuals are following norms (weird looks/stares or exclusion)

UPHOLDING NORMS = REWARDS

Question 33

Define Status

Answer 33

A position in society
Ascribed Status: determined by fixed characteristics (Gender, Race
Achieved Status: determined by a person’s effort or ability. (getting into university)

Question 34

Define Social Control

Answer 34

Refers to the process that society uses to control its members

Question 35

Define Social Control

Answer 35

A way of ensuring that societies members behave as others expect them to by using positive/negative sanctions.

Question 36

Define Canalisation

Answer 36

When parents, carers, or others we interact with as children direct us towards the expected gender. (Parents may buy a girl a football or a girl a doll.