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key words Flashcards

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1
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

The testable statement predicting a diff. between levels of the IV in an experiment.

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2
Q

Autism Spectrum Quotient Test (ASD)

A

A self-report questionnaire with scores ranging from 0 to 50, higher score= more ASD traits.

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3
Q

behaviour chaining

A

A process that allows separately trained behaviours to be performed in sequence in response to cues.

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4
Q

bias

A

Systematic errors in thinking that happen when people are interpreting info. Cognitive bias affects the decisions and judgements that all of us make.

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5
Q

bystander apathy

A

When a bystander does not show concern for a person in need.

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6
Q

case study

A

A research method in which a single instance, e.g. one person, family or institution, is studied in detail.

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7
Q

ceiling effect

A

This occurs when a test is too easy and all participants in a condition achieve very high scores. This is problematic as it does not allow the researcher to differentiate between results.

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8
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a cycle that repeats daily, i.e. approx. every 24 hours, such as the sleep/wake cycle

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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association, studied in both humans and animals

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10
Q

concurrent task

A

an additional activity with a cognitive demand that we can perform at the same time as a main (primary) task

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11
Q

confounding variable

A

an uncontrolled variable that acts systematically on one level of the IV so could hide or exaggerate differences between levels and therefore confound or confuse the results making it difficult to understand the effect of the IV an the DV

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12
Q

controls

A

ways to keep potential confounding variables constant, for example between levels of the IV, to ensure measured differences in the DV are likely to be due to the IV, raising validity

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13
Q

counterbalancing

A

a way to overcome order effects in a repeated measures design

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14
Q

covert observer

A

the role of the observer is not obvious, e.g. because they are hidden or disguised

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15
Q

cross-sectional study

A

compares people at different ages or stages by comparing different groups of participants at one point in time

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16
Q

differential effect

A

when or more individuals experience a difference in outcome when exposed to the same stimuli

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17
Q

double-blind placebo controlled

A

neither the patient, nor the psychologist directly involved with the patient, know who’s has been given the real drug and who’s was given the placebo

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18
Q

ecological validity

A

The extent to which the findings of research in one situation would generalised e to other situations. This is influenced by whether the situation represents the real world effectively and whether the task is relevant to real life situations

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19
Q

ethical issues

A

problems in research that raise concerns about welfare of participants

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20
Q

experiment

A

an investigation that allows the researcher to look for a causal relationship; an IV is manipulates and expected to be responsible for changes in the DV

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21
Q

experimental design

A

the way in which participants are allocated to levels of the IV

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22
Q

extraneous variable

A

this either acts randomly affecting the DV in all levels of the IV or systematically, i.e. on one level of the IV ( called confounding variable) so can obscure the effect of the IV, making the results difficult to interpret

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23
Q

fatigue effect

A

a situation where participants’ performance declines because they experience the experimental task more than once

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24
Q

field experiment

A

experiment conducted in the normal environment of the participant

25
Q

foil

A

something that is used as a contrast to something else

26
Q

generalisability

A

how wildly findings apply, e.g. to other settings and populations

27
Q

idiographic

A

attempts to describe the nature of the individual

28
Q

in vitro

A

exposure to phobic stimulus is imagined

29
Q

in vivo

A

directly exposed to phobic stimulus I real life

30
Q

longitudinal study

A

a research method that follows a group of participants over time

31
Q

order effects

A

consequences of participating in a study more than once, for example in a repeated measures design; they cause changes in performance between conditions that are not due to the IV, so can obscure the effect on the DV

32
Q

overt observer

A

the role of the observer is obvious to the participants

33
Q

participant variables

A

individual differences between participants that could affect their behaviour in a study that would hide or exaggerate differences between levels of the IV

34
Q

positive reinforcement

A

when a behaviour results in a reward, such as money or attention, that behaviour is likely to be repeated again

35
Q

practice effect

A

when participants performance improves because they experience the experimental task more than once, due to familiarity or learning the task

36
Q

quasi-experiment

A

quasi= almost, and refers to the fact that these experiments often have lots of controls over the procedure, but not over how participants are allocated to conditions

37
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a procedure , task or measure is consistent, for example, that it would produce the same results with the same people on each occasion

38
Q

semi-structured interview

A

an interview format using a fixed list of open and closed questions; the interviewer can add more questions if necessary

39
Q

situational variable

A

a confounding variable caused by an aspect of the environment, for example the amount of light or noise

40
Q

theory of mind

A

a cognitive ability that enables one person to comprehend that other people have separate feelings, beliefs, knowledge and desires that can be different fro their own; it enables one person to detect the emotional state of another person (empathy)

41
Q

validity

A

the extent to which the researcher is testing what they claim to be testing

42
Q

operationalisation

A

clearly stating how a behaviour or factor is measured or manipulated

43
Q

standardisation

A

every participant is treated in the same way

44
Q

tabula rasa

A

blank slate

45
Q

nativism

A

extreme nature position

46
Q

empiricism

A

extreme nurture position

47
Q

beta bias

A

theory ignores difference between genders

47
Q

alpha bias

A

theory that identifies one gender as better than the other

48
Q

ethnocentrism

A

use of own ethnic or cultural groups as a basis for judgement about other group

49
Q

determinism

A

an individuals behaviour is shaped or controlled either by internal or external factors; behaviour is predictable and lawful, individual is not fully responsible

50
Q

soft determinism

A

human behaviour is determined by general laws but free will is operating in specific situations

51
Q

free wil

A

individuals can control own behaviour

52
Q

reductionism

A

breaking down complex phenomenon too simple components

53
Q

holism

A

focuses on systems as a whole rather than individually trying to take many factors into account

54
Q

nature

A

a genetic inheritance and other biological factors such as hormones and neurotransmitters

55
Q

nurture

A

the influence of external factors after conception, e.g life experiences, such as education, upbringing on an individual

56
Q

nomothetic

A

focuses on then wider picture, seeking to make generalisations about behaviour

57
Q

stimulus-response model

A

A subject is presented with a stimulus, and then responds to that stimulus, producing “behaviour”.

Psych 🔮 (3 decks)

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