key words 12-19 Flashcards
racial composition of the U.S
White: 75.5%
Black: 13.6%
American Indian & Alaska Native: 1.3%
Hispanic or Latino: 19.1%
Non-Hispanic White: 58.9%
foundational features of Latino experience in the U.S.
conquest
by Spain (Cortes 1519-1521)
by the United States (war with Mexico 1846-1848)
immigration
push-pull factors
premature assimilation
tools and concepts
black-white paradigm of race
postcolonial theory
internal colony
critical race theory
mestizo and mestizaje
a person of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors are indigenous.-Wikipedia
heavy waves of immigration
early immigration in early 20th century
Bracero programs 1917-1964
1990s to present day
Conquest of Mexico resulted in
stereotypes of Mexicans
concept of the Anglo Saxon
westward expansion
Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard University (2023)
race cannot play a direct part in admissions
“dirty dozen” lists
- Micheal A. Olivas Essay discussing the lack of Latino representation in Law Professions
o Immigration and Higher Education Law Focus & Associated Dean of TU - Only about 200 Latino law professors out of 6000 in country right now
o Inflated numbers including Emeritus and Ally status and Spanish folks
5) immigration
i) formative force in Latino legal history
ii) nativism’s effect on how Latinos are perceived
* Nativism’s root: racialized economic struggle (too many for too little)
unintended consequences of militarized border
less “cycling” between United States and countries of origin
needing year-round work and taking jobs other than farm labor
kids forced to take on adult roles– premature assimilation
Natalie Escobar, Family Separation Isn’t New
child separation
Atlantic Article
U.S. immigration policy has traumatized migrant children and parents for nearly a century.
Alejandro Portes & Ruben Rumbaut, Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation
segmented assimilation
lists three characteristics Mexican immigrant population
lists seven effects of low immigrant human capital and negative reception
advocates strongly for more attention and resources to avert downward assimilation (Downward assimilation is characterized by low aspiration for higher education, low college attendance, high rates of substance abuse, and criminal offences (Bankston and Zhou, 1995).Sep 5, 2018)
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) (1994) (Jose Luis Morin)
detrimental effect of economic and political interference in Latin America
* Compounded issues in Mexico by incentivizing wealth disparity and inability of Mexican farmers to compete with US agribusiness
* Anti-imperialist framework tracking the CIA coups in South America being reintroduced through austerity with NAFTA
Day of the Dead (John Ross)
- Forcing the folks into the desert
- Incredibly different celebration in Mexico than in the US
- Militarized border has created immense death on the US side by shifting ports of entry into dangerous desert areas
- Bill Onheen; Mentioned on pg. 480 explaining the horrific death suffered on the border
Early Cuban migrants treated more favorably than later ones
- Progressively less white as the waves came; starting with the exodus of the landowners
- Miami right wing shift
forces driving Latino immigration—push-pull factors
need of agribusiness for labor
U.S. corporate and military intervention in Latin America
neocolonialism, especially manufacturing and free trade policies
maquiladoras, role of in
free trade, global markets, and post-colonial theory
“factories that are largely duty free and tariff-free. These factories take raw materials and assemble, manufacture, or process them and export the finished product.”-Wikipedia
Patrisia Gonzales & Roberto Rodriguez, We Are All Zapatistas
Zapatista and other indigenous movements for self-government
describes indigenous groups and activities in Latin American countries
Rigoberta Menchu—Latin American activist and Nobel Prize winner
NAFTA decimated ejidos and small farms in Mexico
Monroe Doctrine (1823) and Roosevelt Corollary to it (1904) (Jose Luis Morin)
legitimation of U.S. interference in Latin America
Mexico’s underground railroad
aid to black American slaves
Gilbert Carrasco, Latinos in the United States: Invitation and Exile
seesaw of U.S. labor shortages and surpluses and role of bracero programs
early 20th century (easy border crossing, Mexican workers welcomed)
1917-1922 “temporary workers” (first bracero-type program, labor shortage)
1929-1939 Great Depression (Mexicans “repatriated” i.e. deported)
1942-1947 World War, II official Bracero Program (labor shortage)
1947-1951 bracero agreement (legalization of Mexican workers already in US)
1951-1964 Public law 78, official Bracero Program (labor shortage)
1954-1959 Operation Wetback (deportation)
Border Industrialization Program (Mexico, 1965)
Maquiladora Program (1994)
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
Roger Loewenstein, The Immigration Equation
It turns out that Borjas’s seemingly self-evident premise – that more job seekers from abroad mean fewer opportunities, or lower wages, for native workers – is one of the most controversial ideas in labor economics.-NY TIMES
Andri Chassamboulli & Giovanni Peri, The Labor Market Effects of Reducing the number of Illegal Immigrants
immigration benefits a receiving nation, but legalization is better to improve the economy