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Key Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new info

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2
Q

Acculturation

A

Adjusting new culture while retain aspects of the old one

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3
Q

Achievement motivation

A

If a child is motivated by mastery or other’s perception of their success

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4
Q

Activating influences

A

Results from certain fluctuation of sex-linked hormone levels affecting cooccurring activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

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5
Q

Active learning

A

Learning through engaging with the world rather than passive observation

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6
Q

Adrenarche

A

Period prior to visible emergence of puberty, adrenals glands mature and sources majority of sex steroid hormones, onset with sexual attraction

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7
Q

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

A

Traumatic childhood experiences that are linked to physical and mental health issues later in life

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8
Q

Affiliation

A

Tendency to affirm connections by being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive

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9
Q

Affordance

A

Possibility of actions offered by object and/or situations

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10
Q

Agender

A

Individual outside gender categories

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11
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior with the intention of physically or emotionally hurting someone

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12
Q

Aggressive-rejected (peer status)

A

Children that are view as prone to physical aggression by their peers due to disruptive and negative behavior and delinquency

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Tow or more forms of the same gene

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14
Q

Ambivalent sexism

A

Model that includes hostile sexism (endorsement of men’s dominance with negative views of women wanting equality) and benevolent sexism (belief that men have to protect women and that men and women have complementary traits)

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15
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Transparent, fluid filled membrane that surrounds and protects fetus

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Brain area involved with emotional reactions

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17
Q

Anal stage

A

Second stage in Freud’s theory during which primary source of pleasure comes from defecation (2-3 years of age)

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18
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

Condition during prenatal development occurring when androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males causing the child to develop external female genitalia and impeding development of male genitalia

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19
Q

A-not-B error

A

Tendency to reach for hidden objects where it was lat found, not where it was last hidden (before age of 1 year)

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20
Q

Antisocial behavior

A

Disruptive and hostile behavior that goes against social norms and harms/takes advantage of others

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21
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Mental disorders that involve inability to regulate fear and worry

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22
Q

Apgar score

A

Method for evaluating health of a new born based on skin tone, pulse, facial response, limb activity, and breathing

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23
Q

Apoptosis

A

Genetically programmed cell death

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24
Q

Arborisation

A

Formation of new dendritic trees and branches

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25
Q

Assertion

A

Take action of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behavior

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26
Q

Assimilation

A

Process when people translate incoming info into a way that it fits in preexisting understood concepts

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27
Q

Association area

A

Parts of the brain that lie between major sensory and motor area and process and integrate the input from those areas

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28
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional bond with a specific person that is endure across space and time

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29
Q

Attachment theory (John Bowlby)

A

Poses that children are biologically predisposed t develop attachments to caregivers to increase their chances at survival

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30
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficits syndrome

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31
Q

Auditory localization

A

Perception of location of a a sound source in space

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32
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Low in warmth, high in control/demand

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33
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

High in warmth, high in control/demand; give support and set clear standards and expectations

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34
Q

Axons

A

Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

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35
Q

Babbling

A

Repetitive constant-vowel sequences or hand movements (for sign language) (emerges around 4-6 months old)

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36
Q

Basic level

A

Middle and often first level learned in hierarchical structures (animal-dog-poodle)

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37
Q

Basic processes

A

Simplest and most frequent mental activities

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38
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Concerned with how variation in behavior stems from external and genetic factors

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39
Q

Behavior modification

A

Therapy based on principles of operant conditioning; reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage adaptive behavior

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40
Q

Bidirectionality of parent-child interactions

A

Idea that parents and children are mutually affected by each other’s characteristic and behavior

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41
Q

Bigender

A

Individuals that identify as two genders

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42
Q

Bilingualism

A

Fluency of two languages

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43
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Differences between the retinal imagery of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

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44
Q

Body image

A

Individual’s perception and feeling about their own body

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45
Q

Carolina Abecedarian Project

A

Comprehensive and successful enrichment program for children from low-income families

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46
Q

Carrier genetic testing

A

Used to determine whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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47
Q

Categorical perception

A

Perception that phonemes are belonging to discrete categories (infants as young as 4 weeks show it)

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48
Q

Category hierarchy

A

Category that is organized by set-subset relations (animal-dog-poodle)

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49
Q

Cell body

A

Component of neuron that contains basic biological materials that keeps neuron functioning

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50
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

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51
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

Pattern of grown during which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

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52
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Gray matter of the brain, consist of four lobes

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53
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Two halves of the cortex

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54
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

Specification of the the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

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55
Q

Child maltreatment

A

Action of failure to act as a caretaker that results in physical or emotional harm of the child

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56
Q

Chromosomes

A

Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information (made from DNA)

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57
Q

Chronosystem

A

Historical changes that influence the other systems

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58
Q

Cisgender

A

Individuals that identify as their assigned gender/sex at birth

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59
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning associated with an initially neural stimulus that eventually causes a conditioned response

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60
Q

Clinical interview

A

Procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord to what answers the interviewee provides

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61
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development of thinking and reasoning

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62
Q

Colic

A

Excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

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63
Q

Collaboration

A

Coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, ex. Making initiatives for a joint activity

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64
Q

Collective monologues

A

Conversation between children that involve a series of non sequiturs

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65
Q

Comprehension monitoring

A

Process of keeping track of one’s understanding of a verbal description or text

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66
Q

Computer simulation

A

Mathematical model that expresses ideas about mental processes in precise ways

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67
Q

Conception

A

Union of egg and sperm

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68
Q

Concepts

A

General ideas or understandings that can be used to group object, events, abstracting, or qualities that are similar in some ways

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69
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

3rd of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, period in Chico children become able to reason logically about concrete events (age 7-12 years)

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70
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Originally reflexive response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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71
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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72
Q

Conduct disorder

A

Involves severe antisocial sand aggressive behavior that inflicts pain on others and involves the destruction of others property

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73
Q

Cone cells

A

Light sensitive neurons that are highly once treated in the fovea (central region of retina)

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74
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Condition during prenatal development during which adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; associated with masculinization of external genitalia in females and may be associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females

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75
Q

Connectionism

A

Computational modeling approach emphasizing the simultaneous activity of interconnected processing units

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76
Q

Conscience

A

Internal regulatory mechanism that increases individuals ability to conform to standards of conduct in their culture

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77
Q

Conservation concept

A

Idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change objects others key traits

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78
Q

Constructivism

A

Theory that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combing rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences

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79
Q

Continuous development

A

Idea that change occurs gradually with age

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80
Q

Contrast sensitivity

A

Ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in visual pattern

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81
Q

Control group

A

Participants that are nor given the treatment but are otherwise assessed in the same way

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82
Q

Controversial (peer status)

A

Individuals that are liked by a few and disliked by other peers

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83
Q

Co-regulation

A

Process in which caregivers provide needed comfort/distraction to help reduce a child’s distress

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84
Q

Core-knowledge theories

A

View children as having some innate knowledge in domains of evolutionary importance an domain specific learning mechanisms for rapidly and effortlessly acquiring info in those domains

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85
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Dense tract of nerve fibers that enable brain hemispheres to communicate

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86
Q

Correlation

A

Association between two variables

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87
Q

Correlation design

A

Studies intended on finding an association between two factors

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88
Q

Co-rumination

A

Extensively discussion and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person

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89
Q

Cross-gender-typed

A

Behavior stereotyped or expect of a gender other than the persons

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90
Q

Crossing Over

A

Process by which sections of DNA SWITCH CHROMOSOMES to another, promotes variability in genes and individual

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91
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research method in which participants of different ages are compared on a given behavior over a short period of time

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92
Q

Cross-situational word learning

A

Determining words meanings by tracking correlation between labels and meanings across scenes and contexts

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93
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Factual learning about the world

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94
Q

Cultural tools

A

Innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking

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95
Q

Cumulative risk

A

Accumulation of disadvantages over years of development

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96
Q

Cyber bullying

A

Repeated and intentional harassment of an individual via digital means

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97
Q

Deferred imitation

A

Repeating behavior a substantial time after it initially occurred

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98
Q

Dendrites

A

Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electric impulses

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99
Q

Dependent variable

A

What’s being measured in an experiment

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100
Q

Depression

A

Mental disorder that involves a persistent sad or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes and interferes with daily life

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101
Q

Developmental resilience

A

Successful development in spite of seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards

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102
Q

Differential susceptibility

A

Circumstances in which the same temperament characteristic puts some children at high risk in harsh homes but helps others blossom in positive homes

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103
Q

Direction-of-causation problem

A

Concept that correlation with two variables does not indicate which ones has the greater influence or if any of them is actually responsible for the effect observed

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104
Q

Discipline

A

Set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave properly

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105
Q

Discontinuous development

A

idea that change with age include occasional large shifts

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106
Q

Discrete emotions theory

A

Theory that states that emotions are innate and that each emotion has a specific ans distinctive set of facial and body reactions

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107
Q

Dishabituation

A

Introduction of new stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus

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108
Q

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

A

Types of insecure attachment, children have no consistent way of coping with stress in the Stranger Situation; behavior is confused and contradictory

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109
Q

Display rules

A

Informal norms of a social group; dictates which emotions should be displayed when and when they are appropriate

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110
Q

Distributional properties of speech

A

In a Language, sounds are more likely to occur together than others

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111
Q

DNA (deoxyribosenuleic acid)

A

Molecules that carry genetic info that is needed for formation and functions of an organism

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112
Q

Domain specific

A

Info about a particular content area

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113
Q

Dominant alleles

A

Alleles that are expressed if at all present

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114
Q

Dose-response relation

A

Relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally more exposure to teratogen the more severe the effect)

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115
Q

Dual representation

A

Treating a symbolic artifact as a real object and a symbol for something else

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116
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

Theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems

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117
Q

Dyslexia

A

Inability to read and spell well despite normal intelligence

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118
Q

Effect size

A

Magnitude of difference between tow group averages and amount of overlap in their distributions

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119
Q

Ego (psychoanalytic theory)

A

Second personality structure to develop; rational, logical, and problem solving component of personality

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120
Q

Egocentric spatial representation

A

Coding of spatial locations in relation to ones ow body amend ignoring the surrounding

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121
Q

Egocentrism

A

Tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own perspective

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122
Q

Embryo

A

Developing organisms; 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development

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123
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated embryonic cells that can develop into any kind of body cell

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124
Q

Emotion coaching

A

Use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children to properly cope with their emotions

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125
Q

Emotion regulation

A

Set of conscious and unconscious processes that monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expression

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126
Q

Emotion socialization

A

Children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge and behavior that is regarded as appropriate for their present an future roles in their cultuer

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127
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Ability to cognitively process info about emotions and use that info to guide thought and behavior

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128
Q

Emotions

A

Neural and physiological responses to stimuli in the environment; subjective feelings towards a person or object

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129
Q

Enactive experience

A

Learning to take the past reactions of others to one owns behavior into account

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130
Q

Encoding

A

Process of representing memory info that draws attention or is considered important

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131
Q

Endophenotypes

A

Intermediate phenotypes (brain and nervous systems) that don’t involve openly displayed behavior

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132
Q

Entity theory

A

Theory that level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

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133
Q

Entity/helpless orientation

A

Tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and giving up in face of failure

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134
Q

Environment

A

Every aspect of an individuals surrounding expect their genes

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135
Q

Epigenesis

A

Emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

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136
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of stable change in genetic expression mediated by the environment

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137
Q

Equifinality

A

Concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorders

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138
Q

Equilibration

A

Process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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139
Q

Erogenous zones (Freud’s theory)

A

Areas of the body become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

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140
Q

Essentialism

A

View that living things have an essence inside that makes them what they are re

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141
Q

Ethnic and racial identity

A

Beliefs and attitudes that an individual has about the ethnic and racial group they belong to

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142
Q

Ethology

A

Study of evolutionary bases of behavior

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143
Q

Exosystem

A

Environmental setting that a child doesn’t directly experience but can effect a child indirectly (neighborhood, parent’s friends, etc.)

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144
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

Process through which neural connections are made and reorganized through life as a function of experiences

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145
Q

Experience-expectant plasticity

A

Process through which normal wiring of the brain occurs as a result of species typical experiences

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146
Q

Experimental control

A

Ability to determine specific experiences during the course of an experiment

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147
Q

Experimental design

A

Approaches that allows inference about causes and effects

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148
Q

Experimental group

A

Participants that are given treatment during a n experiment

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149
Q

External validity

A

Degree to which results can be generalized

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150
Q

False belief problem s

A

Task that tests a child’s understanding that other people will act in accord with their ow beliefs even when the child knows they are incorrect

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151
Q

Family

A

Group that involves at least one adult that is somehow related to the child and is responsible for providing basic necessities and love and support

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152
Q

Family dynamics

A

Ways in which family members interact throughout various relationships

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153
Q

Family structure

A

Number of an relationships among the people living in a household

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154
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

Harmful effects of maternal alcohol consumption during prenatal development

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155
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Range of effects including facial deformities, intellectual disabilities, attention problems, and hyperactivity

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156
Q

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

A

Term used for individuals that show some but not all symptoms of FAS

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157
Q

Fetus

A

Developing organism from 9th week to birth

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158
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems

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159
Q

Flynn effect

A

Consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the last 80 years

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160
Q

Formal operational stage

A

4th stage of Piaget’s theory; ppl become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations (12 years and older)

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161
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

Twins that are a result of two eggs being fertilized at the same time by two different sperm (only have of their genes are in common)

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162
Q

Friend

A

Individual with whom you have an intimate, reciprocal, positive relationship with

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163
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Major area of the cortex that is a associated with working memory and cognitive control

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164
Q

Functionalist perspective

A

Theory that argues the basic functions of emotion is to promote action towards achieving a goal; emotions are not discrete and vary based on social environment

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165
Q

G (generalized intelligence)

A

Cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks

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166
Q

Gametes (germ cells)

A

Sex cells, egg and sperm; obtain half of genetic material than other body cells

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167
Q

Gender

A

Social assignment as girl or boy (or others depending on the individual)

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168
Q

Gender constancy

A

Realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior

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169
Q

Gender-fluid

A

Individuals who self-identify with different gender categories depending on the context

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170
Q

Gender identity

A

Self-identifying as a gender

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171
Q

Gender nonconformity

A

Individuals that are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender

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172
Q

Gender-role flexibility

A

Recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests

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173
Q

Gender role intensification

A

Heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence

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174
Q

Gender schema filter

A

Initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender

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175
Q

Gender schemas

A

Organized mental representation about gender including gender stereotypes

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176
Q

Gender segregation

A

Tendency to associate with same gender peers and void other-gender peers (begins around age 2.5-3 and intensifies throughout elementary school)

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177
Q

Gender stability

A

Awareness that gender remains the same over time

178
Q

Gender-typed

A

Behaviors stereotypes or expected from one’s assigned gender

179
Q

Gender typing

A

Process of gender socialization

180
Q

Generative

A

System in which a finite set of words can be combined to produce an infinite amount of sentences

181
Q

Genes

A

Section of chromosomes that’s re the basic units of heredity

182
Q

Genital stage (Freud)

A

Final stage (5th) beginning in adolescence during which sexual maturation occurs and is completed

183
Q

Genome

A

A persons complete set hereditary info including all genes and DNA

184
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic material a person inherits

185
Q

Gesture-speech mismatch

A

Phenomenon in which hand movements don’t convey the same message as spoken statements

186
Q

Glial cell

A

Brain cells that provide variety of critical supportive function

187
Q

Goodness of fit

A

Degree to which an individual temperament is compatible with the demands of their social environment

188
Q

Guided participation (Vygotsky)

A

Process in which knowledgeable individuals organize activities that allow less knowledgeable people to learn

189
Q

Habituation

A

Simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

190
Q

Heritability

A

Statically estimate of the proportion of measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic variation

191
Q

Heritable

A

Refers to characteristics that are genetically transmitted

192
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having different alleles for a trait

193
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two same alleles for a trait

194
Q

Hostile attribution bias (Dodge)

A

Tendency to assume that other peoples ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent

195
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable predictions of the presence or absence of phenomena or relations

196
Q

Id (Feud, psychoanalytic theory)

A

Earliest and most primitive personality structure; unconscious and operates to seek pleasure

197
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

Twins that are the result of one egg being fertilized and splitting into two zygotes; have the exact sam genes

198
Q

Identity

A

Description of self that is externally imposed

199
Q

Identity achievement

A

Integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable across time and situations

200
Q

Identity diffusion

A

Period during which an individual does not have firm commitments regarding issues in question and is not making progress towards developing them

201
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

Period in which the individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on choices and values of others

202
Q

Imaginary audience

A

Belief stemming from adolescence egocentrism that everyone else is focused on the persons appearance and behavior

203
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning in which new Borns of a species becomes attached and follows adult members of the species

204
Q

Incremental theory (Intelligence)

A

Theory that a persons intelligence can grown as a function of experience

205
Q

Incremental/mastery orientation

A

General tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

206
Q

Independent variable

A

What’s being changed during an experiment

207
Q

Infant mortality

A

Dearth during first year after birth

208
Q

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A

Distinctive way of speech used when speaking to infant and toddlers

209
Q

Information-processing theories

A

Theories that focus on the structure of cognitive system and mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems

210
Q

Ingroup assimilation

A

Socialization of individuals to conform to their group’s norms and to demonstrate characteristic that defines the ingroup

211
Q

Insecure/avoidant attachment

A

Insecure attachment type in which infants seem indifferent to the caregiver and may avoid the caregiver; when the infant is upset after being left alone they are easily consoled by a stranger

212
Q

Insecure/resistant attachment

A

Insecure attachment in which an infant stays close/is clingy to their caregiver instead of exploring the environment; tend to get upset when being left alone and is not easily consoled but seeks and resists comfort from the caregiver

213
Q

Instrumental/operant conditioning

A

Learning the relation between ones own behavior and reinforcers

214
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Aggression motivated by the desire to attain a goal

215
Q

Interest filter

A

Initial evaluation of info as being personally interesting

216
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Inconsistent response to behavior

217
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Coming info from two or more sensory systems

218
Q

Internal validity

A

Degree to which effects observed can be attributed to the factor the experiment is testing

219
Q

Internal working model of attachment

A

Child’s mental representation of self, attachment figures and of relationships in general that is constructed as a results of their interactions with caregivers

220
Q

Internalization

A

Process by which children learn and accept reasons for desired behavior

221
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Amount of agreement in the observations of two different readers who witness the same behavior

222
Q

Intersectionality

A

Interconnection of social identities (gender, race, age, sexual orientation) in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantages

223
Q

Intersex

A

Conditions in which individuals of one genetic sex develop genitalia with other or both sexes

224
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

Mutual understanding that people share during communication

225
Q

IQ

A

Quantitive measurement of a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

226
Q

Joint attention

A

Process in which Social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment

227
Q

Language comprehension

A

Understanding what others say (sign our write)

228
Q

Language production

A

Process of speaking (signing or writing)

229
Q

Latency period (Freud, psychoanalytic)

A

Fourth stage, sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities (ages 6-12)

230
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Method of study in which the same participants are studies over a longer period of time

231
Q

Long-term memory

A

Info retained on an enduring basis

232
Q

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

Birth weight less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 g)

233
Q

Macro system

A

Larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are integrated

234
Q

Mathematical equality

A

Concept that the values on each side of the equal sign must be equal

235
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces gametes

236
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of menstruation

237
Q

Mental disorder

A

Sate of having difficulties with emotional reactions to the environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life

238
Q

Mental health

A

Child’s sense of well-being both internally and externally (relation ships with family members)

239
Q

Mesosystem

A

Interconnections among immediate (Microsystems) Settings (ex.parents relation to teachers)

240
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Statistical method for combining results from independent studies to reach conclusions based on all of them; used to summer age the average effect

241
Q

Methylation

A

Biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

242
Q

Micro genetic design

A

Method of study in which the same participants are studied repeatedly over a short period of time

243
Q

Microsystem

A

Immediate environment a child interacts with (parents, teachers, family,…)

244
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in identical cells

245
Q

Monocular depth (pictorial) cues

A

Perceptual cues of depth (relative size and interposition) that can be perceived by one eye alone

246
Q

Moral domain

A

Area of social knowledge based on concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights; contexts apply throughout all situations and time

247
Q

Moratorium

A

Period in which the individual is exploring various occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them

248
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of meaning in language

249
Q

Multifinality

A

Concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder

250
Q

Multiple intelligence theory (Gardner)

A

Theory of intellect; based on view that ppl posses at least eight types of intelligence (Naturalistic, linguistic, visual/spatial, kinaesthetics, logical, musical, logical, intrapersonal, interpersonal)

251
Q

Mutation

A

Change of a section of DNA (can be harmful, neutral or beneficial)

252
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty sheath that forms around certain axons and increases speed and efficiency of neural transmission

253
Q

Myelination

A

Formation of myelin (fatty sheath) around the axons to increase speed and efficiency of info-processing abilities

254
Q

Naive psychology

A

Common sense understanding of people and oneself

255
Q

Narratives

A

Story-like structured descriptions of events

256
Q

Nativism

A

Theory that infants have substantial innate knowledge about evolutionary important domains

257
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Method of research that does not involve interfering with naturally occurring behavior but simply observing it

258
Q

Nature

A

Biological endowment; genes we get from our parents

259
Q

Neglected (peer status)

A

Children or adolescents who are infrequently mentioned as either liked or disliked; not noticed by their peers

260
Q

Neural tube

A

Groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo; eventually becomes spinal cord and brain

261
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Proliferation of neurons through cell division

262
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that are specialized for sending or receiving messages between the brain and the body and within the brain itself

263
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals involved in communicating among brain cells

264
Q

Newborn screening

A

Test used to screen newborns for a range of genetic and no genetic disorders

265
Q

Non-binary

A

Individuals that don’t just identify as one gender

266
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Deep sleep that is characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movement and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing and heart rate

267
Q

Normal distribution

A

Pattern of data in which scores fall symmetrical around the mean value

268
Q

Numerical equality

A

Realization that all sets of N objects have something in common

269
Q

Numerical magnitude representation

A

Mental models of the size of numbers ordered in a less-to-more dimension

270
Q

Nurture

A

Environment, physical and social, that influences development

271
Q

Object permanence (tested by Piaget

A

Knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight (develops at around 8 months of age)

272
Q

Object segregation

A

Identification of separate objects in a visual array (about 4.5 months of age)

273
Q

Object substitution

A

Form of pretense in which an object is used as something other than itself (develops at around 19 months)

274
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Major area of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

275
Q

Opportunity structure

A

Economic and social resources offered by the Marco system in the bioecological model; peoples understanding of those resources

276
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

A

Disorder characterized by age-inappropriate and persistent displays of angry, defiant, and irritable behavior

277
Q

Optical expansion

A

Depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating that the object is approaching

278
Q

Oral stage (Freud, psychoanalytic)

A

First stage, primary sources of satisfaction and pleasure comes from oral activities (during the 1st year)

279
Q

Organizing influences

A

Potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and Organisation during prenatal development or at puberty

280
Q

Overextension

A

Overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word

281
Q

Overlapping waves theory

A

Information-processing approach that emphasizes that variability of children’s thinking

282
Q

Over-regularization

A

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular

283
Q

Parental sensitivity

A

Caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and contingent responsiveness to a child when it esquires assistance or is in distress

284
Q

Parental-investment theory

A

Theory that stresses evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefits their offspring

285
Q

Parenting styles

A

Parenting behavior and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions (ex. Responsiveness and demand)

286
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Major area of the cortex that is associated with spatial processing and sensory info integration

287
Q

Peers

A

Ppl of approximately the same age and status who are unrelated to each other

288
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info.

289
Q

Perceptual categorization

A

Grouping together of objects that are similar in appearance

290
Q

Perceptual consistency

A

Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape and color in spite of physical differences in retinal image of the object

291
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

Developmental change in which experience fine-tunes the perpetual system (occur is with in 1st year after birth, gets worse with age)

292
Q

Permissive parenting

A

High in warmth, low in control; responsive to children’s needs and don’t require children to regulate themselves in appropriate ways

293
Q

Personal domain

A

Area of social knowledge that pertains to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration; no wrong or right choices

294
Q

Personal fable

A

Form of adolescent egocentrism that involves belief of uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts

295
Q

Phallic stage (Freud, psychoanalytic)

A

3rd stage, sexual pleasure is focused on genitalia (age 3-6)

296
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable expression of one’s genotype (appearance and behavior)

297
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Disorder related to defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

298
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of meaningful sound

299
Q

Phonemic awareness

A

Ability to identify component sounds in words

300
Q

Phonological recoding skills

A

Ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend sounds into words; called “sounding out”

301
Q

Phylogenetic continuity

A

Idea that because of our common evolutionary history humans share many chatter ist is and developmental processes with non-human animals (especially mammals)

302
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

Posits that cognitive development involves a sequence of four stages (sensorymotor, pre operational, concrete operational and formal operational) that are constructed through the processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

303
Q

Placenta

A

Support organ for the fetus; keeps the circulatory system of the mother and fetus separate; semipermeable membrane permit exchange of materials (oxygen and nutrients and waste)

304
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

305
Q

Play

A

Voluntary activities with no specific motivation beyond enjoyment

306
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Inheritance pattern in which traits are governed by more than one gene

307
Q

Polyvictimization

A

Co-occurrence of multiple forms of maltreatment

308
Q

Popular (peer status)

A

Children who are view by many as liked and only few as disliked

309
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Reward that immediately follows the display of a certain side sired behavior which increases the likely hood of that behavior being shown again

310
Q

Positive youth development

A

Approach to youth intervention that focused on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than correcting weaknesses and deficits

311
Q

Pragmatic cues

A

Aspects of social context used for word learning (like pointing at things while saying its name)

312
Q

Pragmatics

A

Knowledge about how language is used

313
Q

Preferential looking technique

A

Method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two images simultaneously to see if the infant prefers one over the other

314
Q

Premature

A

Babies born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier (normal term is 38 weeks)

315
Q

Prenatal testing

A

Genetic testing used to determine if the fetus is at risk for genetic disorders

316
Q

Preoperational stage (Piaget)

A

Second stage, children become able to represent experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought (age2-7)

317
Q

Pre-reaching movements

A

Clumsy swiping movements made by infants towards objects they see

318
Q

Pretend play

A

Make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, acting as if they were in a situation different from their own

319
Q

Primary mental abilities (Thurstone)

A

Seven abilities crucial for intelligence (verbal fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, number facility, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed)

320
Q

Private speech (Vygotsky)

A

Second phase of internalization-of-thought process; children develop self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do (as much as their parents did in the first stage)

321
Q

Proactive aggression

A

Unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire

322
Q

Problem solving

A

Process of attaining a goal by using strategy to overcome obstacles

323
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others (helping, sharing, caring,…)

324
Q

Prosody

A

Characteristic rhythm and intonational patterns with which language is spoken

325
Q

Puberty

A

Developmental period marketed by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic body changes

326
Q

Punishment

A

Negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood of it happening again

327
Q

Questionnaire

A

A method that allows researchers to gather info from a large number of participants simultaneously by presenting Thema. Uniform set of printed questions

328
Q

Random assignment

A

Procedure in which participant are randomly assigned to conditions

329
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

Active sleep characterized by quick eye movement under closed lids, associated with dreaming in adults

330
Q

Rational learning

A

Ability to use prior experience to predict what will occur in the future

331
Q

Reactive aggression

A

Emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by perceived hostile actions of others

332
Q

Recessive alleles

A

Alleles that are not expressed if a dominant allele is present

333
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Child-environment influences operate in vote directions; children affect and are affected by the environment

334
Q

Reflexes

A

Fixed pattern of action that occur in a specific situation

335
Q

Regulatory genes

A

Control the activity of other genes

336
Q

Rehearsal

A

Process of repeating info multiple times to aid the memory for it

337
Q

Rejected (peer status)

A

Children liked only by few peers and displayed by most

338
Q

Relational aggression

A

Aggresssion that involves excluding others from a social group and attempting to harm peoples relationships; includes rumors, withholding friendship to inflict harm, ignoring peers when angry and trying to get one owns way

339
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which independent measures of a given behavior is consistent

340
Q

Role taking

A

Being aware of the perspective of another person

341
Q

Rumination

A

Act of focusing on ones own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their cause and consequences without engaging in efforts to improve ones situation

342
Q

Scale error

A

Attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in relative size of child to object

343
Q

Scientific method

A

Approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions

344
Q

Script

A

Typical sequence of actions used to organize and interpret repeated events

345
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Program designed to help individuals at risk for developing a problem with the goal of reverting that development

346
Q

Secular trends

A

Marked chin ages in physical development that have occurred over generations

347
Q

Secure attachment

A

Children have a positive a d trusting relationship with the caregiver; in Strange Situation test the child is upset when the caregiver leaves but is happy and quickly recovers when the caregiver returns; use caregiver as a secure base for exploration

348
Q

Secure base

A

Idea that the presence of the caregiver provides the infant with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore

349
Q

Selective attention

A

Intentionally focusing on info that is the most relevant to the current goal

350
Q

Self-comforting behavior

A

Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation

351
Q

Self-concept

A

Conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself

352
Q

Self-conscious emotion

A

Emotions like guilt, shame, pride, and embarrassment that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others reactions

353
Q

Self-discipline

A

Ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions

354
Q

Self-distraction

A

Looking away from an upsetting stimulus to regulate ones level of arousal

355
Q

Self-esteem

A

Individuals overall subjective evaluation of their worth and feelings they have about that evaluation

356
Q

Self-locomotion

A

Ability to move oneself through the environment

357
Q

Self-socialization

A

Active process of children’s cognition leads them to perceive the world and act in accordance with their beliefs and expectations

358
Q

Sensation

A

Process of forming basic info from the external world via receptors in the sense organs

359
Q

Sensitive period

A

Period of time in which a developing organism is most sensitive to effects of external factors

360
Q

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

A

1st stage, intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities (0-2 years)

361
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Feelings of distress in a child when being separated or expect to be separated from their caregiver?those they are emotionally attached to

362
Q

Service learning

A

Starry for promoting positive youth development that integrates school-based instruction with community involvement in order to promote civic responsibility

363
Q

Sex

A

Distinction between genetic females (XX) and genetic males (XY) and other genetic variations

364
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the biological sex at birth

365
Q

Sexual identity

A

Ones own sense as a sexual being

366
Q

Sexual orientation

A

A person preference in gender when it comes to sexual partners

367
Q

Sexual-minority youth

A

Young folks that experience same-sex attraction

368
Q

Simple view of reading

A

Perspective that compression depends solely on decoding skill and comprehension of language

369
Q

Situation model

A

Cognitive processes used to represent a situation or sequence of events

370
Q

Small for gestational age

A

Babies that weigh significantly less than what is normal for their gestation age

371
Q

Smooth pursuit eye movement

A

Visual behavior in which viewers gaze shifts at the age rate and angle as a moving object

372
Q

Social comparison

A

Process of comparing aspects of one’s own psychological, behavioral or physical functioning to that of others to evaluate one self

373
Q

Social competence

A

Ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relations with others

374
Q

Social referencing

A

Use of a parent’s or adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or threatening situations

375
Q

Social scaffolding

A

Process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports child’s thinking at a high level than children could manage on their own

376
Q

Social smiles

A

Smiles that’s re directed towards people (fist emerge around 1-3 months after birth)

377
Q

Socialization

A

Process through which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behavior that are regarded as appropriate for theories present and future roles in their culture

378
Q

Societal domain

A

Area of social knowledge that encompasses concepts regarding rules and conventions

379
Q

Sociocultural context

A

The societal and cultural aspects that influence a child’s environment and development

380
Q

Sociocultural theories

A

Approaches that emphasize that sociocultural factors greatly influence a child’s behavior

381
Q

Sociodramatic play

A

Activities in which children enact miniature dramas with others

382
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Measure of social class based on income and education

383
Q

Sociometric status

A

Measure that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers

384
Q

Spermarche

A

Onset of the capacity of ejaculation

385
Q

Spines

A

Formation of dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites capacity to form connections with other neurons

386
Q

Stage theories

A

Approaches that propose that development involves a large, discontinuous age related stages

387
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure of variability of scores in a distribution

388
Q

State

A

Level of arousal and engagement in the environment

389
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Neonatal reflex in which infants lifts one leg first, than the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

390
Q

Stereopsis

A

Process by which the visual cortex combines different neural signals caused by binocular disparity, results in the perception of depth

391
Q

Strange Situation

A

Procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infant’s attachment to their caregivers

392
Q

Strategy-choice process

A

Procedure for selecting among alternative ways to solve a problem

393
Q

Stress

A

Physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment

394
Q

Structured interview

A

Research in which participants are all asked to answer the same question

395
Q

Structured observation

A

Identical situations are presented to each participant and behavior is recorded

396
Q

Subordinate level

A

Most specific levels within hierarchy categories (ex, poodle)

397
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Sudden, unexpected death of an infant that is less than 1 year of age and has no identifiable cause

398
Q

Super ego (psychoanalytic theory)

A

Third personality structure consisting of internalized moral standards

399
Q

Superordinate level

A

Most general term in category hierarchy (ex. Animal)

400
Q

Swaddling

A

Soothing technique that involves wrapping a baby tightly into a towel

401
Q

Symbolic representation

A

Use of one object to stand for another

402
Q

Symbols

A

Systems for representing thoughts, feelings, knowledge to communicate them with others

403
Q

Synapses

A

Microscopic junctions between axon terminal of one neuron and dendritic branches of another

404
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Normal development process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

405
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons

406
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

Strategy of using grammatical structure to infer the meaning of a new word

407
Q

Syntax

A

Rules that specify how different word categories can be combined

408
Q

Task analysis

A

Research technique of specifying the goals, their obstacles, and the potential solutions involved in problem solving

409
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Short utterance that leave out non-essential words

410
Q

Temperament

A

Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are stable across contexts; thought to be genetically based

411
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Major area of cortex that is associated with speech, language, music, and emotional information

412
Q

Teratogen

A

External agent that can cause death or damage during prenatal dvelopment

413
Q

Tertiary intervention

A

Program designed to help individuals who already have a problem

414
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Degree to which the same results are received Wehen running tests multiple times

415
Q

Theory of mind

A

Organized understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desire, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence emotions

416
Q

Theory of mind module

A

Hypothesized brain mechanisms devoted to understanding humans

417
Q

Theory of successful intelligence (Sternberg)

A

Theory of intellect; based on view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life

418
Q

Third-variable problem

A

Correlation can stem from an unrelated third variable

419
Q

Three-stratum theory of intelligence (Carroll)

A

Places g at the top of intelligence hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom

420
Q

Toxic stress

A

Experience of overwhelming levels of stress without the support of adults to reduce effects of stress

421
Q

Transgender

A

Individuals that don’t indenting with the gender assigned at birth

422
Q

Tuition

A

Learning through direct teaching

423
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Tube containing blood vessels connecting fetus and placenta

424
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Reflexive response that is elicited by unconditioned stimulus

425
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

426
Q

Under extension

A

Overly narrow interpretation of a word’s meaning

427
Q

Uninvolved parenting

A

Low in warmth, low in control; parents are generally disengaged

428
Q

Universal grammar

A

Proposed set of highly abstract structures that are common in all languages

429
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which a test measures what its supposed to measure

430
Q

Variables

A

Attributes vary across individuals and situations

431
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Observing someone else receive rewards or punishment

432
Q

Violation-of-expectancy

A

Procedure used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown an advent that should evoke surprise or interest if it goes against the infants knowledge

433
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness or clarity of vision

434
Q

Visually-based retrieval

A

Proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning

435
Q

Voice onset time (VOT)

A

Length of time between when air passes through the lips to when the vocal cords start vibrating

436
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

A

Widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children age 6 and older

437
Q

Withdrawn-rejected (peer status)

A

Rejected children who are socially withdrawn

438
Q

Word segmentation

A

Discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech

439
Q

Working memory

A

Memory system that involves actively attending to, maintaining and processing info

440
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell

441
Q

Zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)

A

Space between a learner can do by themselves and what they can do with the help of others

Developmental Psychology (1 decks)

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