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Biology 2024 > Key Vocab > Flashcards

Key Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptations

A

Traits/phenotypes which allow an organism to better survive in its environment.

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2
Q

Allele

A

An alternative version of a gene. Alleles produce variation in individuals (e.g., B,b = Brown eyes, blue eyes)

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3
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of protein

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4
Q

Ancestor

A

An organism (or species) from which other organisms (or species) have evolved.

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5
Q

Antiparallel

A

The two strands of DNA molecule run in opposite directions.

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6
Q

Bases

A

A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), C (cytosine).

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Requires only one parent. All offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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8
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

A:T (Apples in the Tree) and G:C (Cars in the Garage).
Ensures the genetic code is replicated correctly during DNA replication.

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9
Q

Crossing-over

A

Swapping of DNA between homologous chromosomes during the meiosis process. Increases genetic variation.

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

A long strand of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell. Contains a specific set of genetic information.

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11
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - A molecule that carries the genetic code.

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12
Q

DNA sequencing

A

The process of finding out the exact order of bases on a length of DNA

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13
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed when it is present. Represented using capital letters (e.g., BB, Bb).

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14
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in the genetic code of organisms over a long period of time. May result in formation of new species.

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15
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells containing half the chromosomes of the parent.

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16
Q

Fertilisation

A

The process where the DNA from an egg and sperm fuse together.

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17
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA in a single cell of an organism
.

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18
Q

Gene

A

A short segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein/phenotype.

19
Q

Genetic Code

A

The bases of a gene are read in sets of three and each triplet codes for amino acid, which in turn, are joined to make a protein.

20
Q

Gene Marker

A

A short segment of DNA that can be used to follow inheritance of a trait (especially if it is not visible) or determine relatedness of different organisms.

21
Q

Genetic variation

A

The total number of different alleles in a population of organisms.

22
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles for a gene (e.g., BB, Bb, bb).

23
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

The predicted ratio of inheritance of alleles from mating of two individuals.

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles in a genotype (e.g., Bb).

25
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles in a genotype are the same (e.g., BB or bb)

26
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a cell with the same genes on them. One chromosome is inherited from each parent.

27
Q

Independent segregation

A

Homologous chromosomes line up at random and independently of other homologous chromosomes during the process of meiosis.

28
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, ordered from largest to smallest in homologous pairs.

29
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division which produces egg and sperm cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

30
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the DNA.

31
Q

Offspring

A

The resulting individuals of reproduction.

32
Q

Pedigree chart

A

A branching tree diagram that tracks alleles/traits being passed through a family.

33
Q

Phenotype

A

How a gene is expressed as a protein/phenotype trait.

34
Q

Phenotype ratio

A

The predicted ratio of phenotypes of offspring of a genetic cross.

35
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A diagram that orders organisms in relationship to how closely related they are. Usually start with a common ancestor on the far left.

36
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids that make up our traits.

37
Q

Punnett square

A

A method of showing the probability of all the potential offspring genotypes and phenotypes that can occur from mating two individuals.

38
Q

Population

A

Number of organisms of the same species living in a defined area.

39
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous (bb).

40
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction involving two parents. Offspring inherit half their DNA from each parent.

41
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring.

42
Q

Trait

A

A feature of an organism (phenotype).

43
Q

Triplet Code

A

Bases of genes are read in threes (triplets), each triplet codes for an amino acid to build a protein.

Biology 2024 (3 decks)

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