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History > Key Topic 1 The Origins Of The Cold War > Flashcards

Key Topic 1 The Origins Of The Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

Tehran Conference

A

1943
Attended by: Big 3 (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin)
Disagree on German reparations- USSR wanted reparations, US wanted to rebuild
USSR to declare war on Japan after WW2

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2
Q

Yalta Conference

A 
February 1945 
Attended by big 3
Agreed to divide up Germany and Berlin
Disagreements about eastern europe as "sphere of influence"
Disagreements of ideology
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3
Q

Potsdam Conference

A

July 1945
Attended by Truman, Stalin, Atlee
Agreed on 4 zones, demilitarised, ban Nazis, most reparations to USSR, Polish borders extended to USSR
Truman wanted free elections for Germany, but Stalin disagreed.

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4
Q

Iron curtain speech Churchill

A

1946
“communism & capitalism are incompatible”
“Churchill is like a war-monger” –> iron curtain “has fallen over Europe”

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5
Q

Telegrams

A

1946 ‘Long’ and ‘Novikov’
L: Stalin called for destruction of capitalism and had built up his army (Moscow-> DC)
N: US to dominate the world, American public preparing for war w/ USSR (DC->Moscow)

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6
Q

Truman doctrine

A

March 1947 Mainly in Greece, Containment, ‘No country should be forced into communism’, USA would fight for liberty and sent troops and money to european governments threatened by communism

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7
Q

Marshall plan

A

June 1947
$17billion aid to Europe by 1953
Offers money and machinery to stop countries turning to communism, taken by 16 countries

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8
Q

Coniform

A

1947
Political policy to bring together the communist parties and make sure they remained loyal to Stalin. Made them refuse offers from the West (e.g. Marshall Aid)

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9
Q

Comecon

A

1949

Financial policy to control economies and access resources. Prevent trade with the West.

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10
Q

Berlin crisis

A

June 1948
USSR intimidated by Trizonia, so Stalin suspends all road and rail into Berlin and shut off power to prove that divided Germany didn’t work & cut off West from capital.

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11
Q

Berlin aircraft

A

1948-1949 : 1k tonnes of supplies every day.
total 1.5mil tonnes. Planes land every 3 mins.
propaganda success for USA. USSR couldn’t shoot down because it could result in a hot war. Stalin ends blockade in May after 318 days.

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12
Q

NATO

A

1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation: military alliance amongst western capitalists against communism.

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13
Q

Warsaw pact

A

1955

Military alliance of Eastern European countries and Russia who want to spread communism.

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14
Q

The Berlin crisis

A

I 1949-1961
2.7million refugees East->West which made Stalin look weak and created a bad image for communism. 12th August 1961: built a barbed wire fence between west and east Berlin.

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15
Q

Krushchevs secret speech

A

1956

States that there will be a better form of communism that is not as repressive (destalinisation)

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16
Q

Hungarian uprising

A

Oct 1956
Hungarians opposed Rakosi (bald butcher) because he killed 2k, imprisoned 387k, so student demonstrations were held and Stalin’s statue decapitated in Budapest.
Nagy forms new govt. free elections, general freedom etc, announces leaving Warsaw pact.

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17
Q

Hungarian invasion

A

Nov 1956
1000 tanks enter. Khrushchev was worried about sphere and domino effect +looking weak.
3k Hungarians, 750 Russians killed, 200k Hungarians go to Austria, Nagy imprisoned and killed. Kadar is put into power.

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18
Q

Khrushchev’s Ultimatum

A

1958
Khrushchev gives Eisenhower 6 months to withdraw Allied troops from West Berlin and claims the whole of Berlin will be under control of the USSR.

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19
Q

Cuban revolution

A 
1958/9 
Fidel Castro (communist) overthrows President Batista (pro American) in revolution.
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20
Q

Geneva convention

A

1959

Representatives form the USA+ USSR make plans for leaders to meet, no agreement reached about ultimatum

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21
Q

Paris summit

A

1960
The day before-American U2 spy plane shot down in USSR -> Eisenhower refuses to apologise, Khrushchev walks out of meeting

22
Q

Bay of pigs

A

April 1961
US trained Cuban exiles who attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro but are faced by 20,000 Cubans (makes US look bad)

23
Q

Vienna summit

A

1961

Khrushchev sees JFK as inexperienced and reinstates ultimatum but JFK doesn’t back down

24
Q

Cuban missile crisis

A

Sept 1962
Khrushchev sends 114 ships of offensive nuclear weapons to Cuba
October 1962
‘13 days’ - U2 spy plane shot down in Cuba, JFK enforces military blockade (Soviet ships turn around)

25
Q

Period of detente

A

1963

Hotline installed in the aftermath of CMC to avoid future problems

26
Q

Limited test and ban treaty

A

1963: bans nuclear testing in space, sea, & ABOVE ground

27
Q

Outer space treaty

A

1967: bans nuclear weapons in space

28
Q

Prague spring

A

1968

Dubcek replaces Novotny and introduces ‘Socialism with a Human Face’ which relaxes censorship and gives more freedom.

29
Q

Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

A

1968
Tanks and troops are sent in. Dubcek orders non-violence, but there was still lots of protests.
Countries including Yugoslavia, Romania, China condemn invasion, suggests a split in communism.

30
Q

Brezhnev doctrine

A

1968
‘USSR has the right to invade any country threatening the Eastern Bloc’
-> Czechoslovakia portrayed as a major threat by Soviet media

31
Q

Nuclear Non-Profileration Treaty

A

1968-1970

Bans superpowers form helping other states to obtain nuclear arms

32
Q

SALT 1

A

1972
‘Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty’ : bans production of strategic ballistic missiles, submarines only when missiles are obsolete

33
Q

SALT 2

A

1972
Talks begin to limit ICBM/SLBMs, ban production of ICBMs
1979
USA refuses to sign saying USSR would not stick to terms

34
Q

Apollo soyuz mission

A

1975: USA+USSR joint mission to space

handshake in space, propaganda for detente

35
Q

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

A

1979
Amin replaces Taraki, but is unpopular with Muslims so is likely to be overthrown which would result in an Islamic state.
50k Soviet troops initially to restore communist party -> ends up being a 10 year war in which 15 MIL. die, including 15k Soviet soldiers

36
Q

Carter doctrine

A

1979
President Jimmy Carter draws a tough line on Afghanistan invasion
Doctrine: US to give military aid to defend national interests (including countries bordering Afghanistan for containment)

37
Q

Moscow olympics

A

1984

USA and 60 other western countries refuse to attend the Olympics in Moscow in protest of their invasion of Afghanistan.

38
Q

Evil empire speech

A

1983
Ronald Reagan: can imagine a “limited nuclear war in Europe”
USSR is “the focus of modern evil” and an “evil empire”

39
Q

Los Angeles olympics

A

1984

Boycotted by USSR and 11 of its allies

40
Q

Start 1

A

1982
Strategic Arms Reduction Talks ‘zero option’ - cancel missiles in East Europe if USSR do the same. Brezhnev says no so Reagan increases number.
End in 1983 (USSR find out USA helping ‘solidarity’)

41
Q

SDI

A

1981-1987
Reagan (thought detente = bad, made USA weak) wants to win cold war -> disarms USSR with:
Strategic Defence Initiative ‘Star Wars’ ‘umbrella’ deflect Soviet missiles by launching satellites with lazers, threatens USSR. USA spend $1mill

42
Q

End of arms race

A

1980s
Soviets can’t compete with SDI etc.. (scared to invest in new technology, it undermines communism).
Soviet command economy failing + Afghanistan = financial strain

43
Q

Gorbachev reform

A

1980s
Perestroika (restructure): economic reforms to make USSR more efficient
Glasnost (openness): relaxation of censorship

44
Q

Geneva summit

A

1985
USSR + US want peace
Agree to: speed up arms talks, try to abolish chemical weapons, adress human rights issues
Disagree on: Arms control

45
Q

Reykjavik Summit

A

1986
More ambitions than Geneva
Tensions high because of Chernobyl
Reagan proposes scrapping ballistic nuclear missiles, Gorbachev says no because of SDI

46
Q

Chernobyl disaster

A

Nuclear Plant in Ukraine exploded. 4k killed, 336k relocated. Gorbs tries to deny it, West media show truth = awks for Gorbs, people know he was lying.. loss of trust

47
Q

INF

A

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty 1987: no more nuclear ground based missies, each nation could inspect the others’ military installations. Gorb agreed due to financial problems (also disarmament would win him popularity due to trade + gorbymania)

48
Q

Fall of sphere

A

1989: End of Communism in Poland, defeated in free elections
Hungary - promised free elections for Spring -> democracy
Czech - protests -> overthrow communism
Nov 1989: Fall of Berlin Wall (9th Nov 1000s East Berliners -> checkpoints + demand entry)

49
Q

Start signed

A

1991: Drastically reduce nuclear forces (25-30%) over 7 years (signed with pens made from scrapped missiles)

50
Q

End of Warsaw pact

A

Disintegration of Eastern bloc - no longer a purpose for pact. Cooperation ended in 1990, official end = July 1991

51
Q

Gorbachev returns and resigns

A

21 Aug 1991: shows his desire to save communism but cou weakened authority + made Yeltsin a hero.
Made constitution for Soviet Countries but they wanted independence so Gorby dissolved Union + resigned (25th Dec 1991)
OFFICIAL END OF COLD WAR
-> USA only remaining superpower

History (2 decks)

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