Key Terms Unit 3

Question 1

Cotton Gin

Answer 1

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton. It revolutionized the cotton industry.

Question 2

John Deere

Answer 2

p. 283,302,303

Question 3

Transportation Revolution

Answer 3

p. 274-80, 302

Question 4

Erie Canal

Answer 4

Most important and profitable of the barge canals of the 1820s and 1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the East Coast and making New York City the nation’s largest port. (page 372)

Question 5

Railroads

Answer 5

p. 276-279

Question 6

Clipper Ships

Answer 6

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Question 7

Industrial Revolution

Answer 7

The shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to the United States around 1800.

Question 8

Samuel Slater

Answer 8

A skilled worker who ignored law and move tod to the United States. Used his detailed knowlegde of the textile machinery to build the nation’s first water-powered textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket RI.

Question 9

Cyrus McCormick

Answer 9

In 1831, he invented a mechanical reaper to harvest wheat, which transformed the scale of agriculture. By hand a farmer could only harvest a half an acre a day, while the McCormick reaper allowed two people to harvest twelve acres of wheat a day. (page 383)

Question 10

Samuel Morse

Answer 10

In 1832, he invented the telegraph and revolutionized the speed of communication. (page 379)

Question 11

The Lowell System

Answer 11

Lowell mills were the first to bring all the processes of spinning and weaving cloth together under one roof and have every aspect of the production mechanized. In addition, the Lowell mills were designed to model factory communities that provided the young women employees with meals, a boardinghouse, moral discipline, and educational and cultural opportunities.

Question 12

Lowell Girls

Answer 12

Young female factory workers at the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, which in the early 1820s provided its employees with prepared meals, dormitories, moral discipline, and educational opportunities. (page 387)

Question 13

German Immigration

Answer 13

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Question 14

Irish Immigration

Answer 14

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Question 15

Nativism

Answer 15

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling in the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group was New York’s Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American, or Know-Nothing, party in 1854. In the 1920, there was a surge in nativism as Americans grew to fear immigrants who might be political radicals. In response, new strict immigration regulations were established. (page 400)

Question 16

Know-Nothing Party

Answer 16

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration; the party’s only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856. (page 401)

Question 17

Second Bank of the United States

Answer 17

In 1816, the second Bank of the United States was established in order to bring stability to the national economy, serve as the depository for national funds, and provide the government with the means of floating loans and transferring money across the country. (page 412)

Question 18

Dallas Tariff of 1816

Answer 18

First true protective tariff, intended strictly to protect American goods against foreign competition. (page 413)

Question 19

The American System

Answer 19

Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824; his proposals formed the core of Whig ideology in the 1830s and 1840s. (page 415)

Question 20

James Monroe

Answer 20

He served as secretary of state and war under President Madison and was elected president. As the latter, he signed the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain which gave the United States Florida and expanded the Louisiana territory’s western border to the Pacific coast. In 1823, he established the Monroe Doctrine. This foreign policy proclaimed the American continents were no longer open to colonization and America would be neutral in European affairs. (page 416)

Question 21

The Era of Good Feelings

Answer 21

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Question 22

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Answer 22

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Question 23

Yeoman Farmers

Answer 23

Small landowners (the majority of white families in the South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves. (page 490)

Question 24

Free Blacks

Answer 24

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Question 25

Black Belt

Answer 25

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Question 26

Gang Labor

Answer 26

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Question 27

Task Labor

Answer 27

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Question 28

Underground Railroad

Answer 28

Operating in the decades before the Civil War, the “railroad’’ was a clandestine system of routes and safehouses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North. (page 548)

Question 29

Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 29

A rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families.

Question 30

Abolitionism

Answer 30

In the early 1830s, the anti-slavery movement shifted its goal from the gradual end of slavery to the immediate end or abolition of slavery. (page 543)

Question 31

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 31

In 1831, he started the anti-slavery newspaper Liberator and helped start the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Two years later, he assisted Arthur and Lewis Tappan in the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He and his followers believed that America had been thoroughly corrupted and needed a wide range of reforms. He embraced every major reform movement of the day: abolition, temperance, pacifism, and women’s rights. He wanted to go beyond just freeing slaves and grant them equal social and legal rights. (page 543)

Question 32

Frederick Douglass

Answer 32

He escaped from slavery and become an eloquent speaker and writer against slavery. In 1845, he published his autobiography entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and two years later he founded an abolitionist newspaper for blacks called the North Star. (page 547)

Question 33

Grimke Sisters

Answer 33

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Question 34

Convention of 1818

Answer 34

The Convention of 1818 between Britain and the United States established the Oregon Country as being west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the two countries were to jointly occupy it. In 1824, the United States and Russia signed a treaty that established the line of 54°40′ as the southern boundary of Russia’s territorial claim in North America. A similar agreement between Britain and Russia finally gave the Oregon Country clearly defined boarders, but it remained under joint British and American control. (page 417)

Question 35

Adams-onis Treaty

Answer 35

In 1819, Spain gave Florida to the U.S. under this treaty

Question 36

Missouri Compromise

Answer 36

Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri’s admission as a slave state; in the compromise of March 20, 1820, Maine’s admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri. (page 422)

Question 37

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 37

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Question 38

John Marshall

Answer 38

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Question 39

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 39

President James Monroe’s declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to colonization but that the United States would honor existing colonies of European nations. (page 429)

Question 40

John Quincy Adams

Answer 40

As secretary of state under President Monroe, he negotiated agreements to define the boundaries of the Oregon country and the Transcontinental Treaty. He urged President Monroe to issue the Monroe Doctrine, which incorporated Adams’s views. As president, Adams envisioned an expanded federal government and a broader use of federal powers. Adams’s nationalism and praise of European leaders caused a split in his party. Some Republicans suspected him of being a closet monarchist and left to form the Democrat party. In the presidential election of 1828, Andrew Jackson claimed that Adams had gained the presidency through a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay, which helped Jackson win the election. (page 432)

Question 41

Election of 1824

Answer 41

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Question 42

The Corrupt Bargain

Answer 42

A vote in the House of Representatives decided the deadlocked presidential election of 1824 in favor of John Quincy Adams, who Speaker of the House Henry Clay had supported. Afterward, Adams appointed Clay secretary of state. Andrew Jackson charged Clay with having made a “corrupt bargain” with Adams that gave Adams the presidency and Clay a place in his administration. There was no evidence of such a deal, but it was widely believed. (page 432)

Question 43

President Andrew Jackson

Answer 43

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Question 44

Eaton Affair

Answer 44

The wife of John Eaton, President Jackson’s secretary of war, was the daughter of a tavern owner with an unsavory past. Supposedly her first husband had committed suicide after learning that she was having an affair with John Eaton. The wives of members of Jackson’s cabinet snubbed her because of her lowly origins and past. The scandal that resulted was called the Eaton Affair. (page 445)

Question 45

Maysville Road

Answer 45

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Question 46

Nullification Crisis

Answer 46

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Question 47

Indian Removal Act

Answer 47

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Question 48

Nicholas Biddle

Answer 48

He was the president of the second Bank of the United States. In response to President Andrew Jackson’s attacks on the bank, Biddle curtailed the bank’s loans and exchanged its paper currency for gold and silver. He was hoping to provoke an economic crisis to prove the bank’s importance. In response, state banks began printing paper without restraint and lent it to speculators, causing a binge in speculating and an enormous increase in debt. (page 460)

Question 49

Specie Circular

Answer 49

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Question 50

Whig Party

Answer 50

Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue. (page 468)

Question 51

Martin Van Buren

Answer 51

During President Jackson’s first term, he served as secretary of state and minister to London. He often politically fought Vice President John C. Calhoun for the position of Jackson’s successor. A rift between Jackson and Calhoun led to Van Buren becoming vice president during Jackson’s second term. In 1836, Van Buren was elected president, and he inherited a financial crisis. He believed that the government should not continue to keep its deposits in state banks and set up an independent Treasury, which was approved by Congress after several years of political maneuvering. (page 445)

Question 52

Panic of 1837

Answer 52

Economic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks’ and over speculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stabilize and lessen the economic situation

Question 53

William Henry Harrison

Answer 53

9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig’s presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend.

Question 54

King Cotton

Answer 54

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Question 55

Planters

Answer 55

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Question 56

Sojourner Truth

Answer 56

She was born into slavery, but New York State freed her in 1827. She spent the 1840s and 1850s travelling across the country and speaking to audiences about her experiences as slave and asking them to support abolition and women’s rights. (page 548)

Question 57

George Fitzhugh

Answer 57

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