Key Terms - Test 2 Flashcards by Sydney Coopland

Textual (written and spoken) and visual data
Aim to provide insights, enhance understanding of a phenomenon
Requires interpretation - so we have to interpret the data

Qualitative data

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Anything that can be measured, counted in numerical form
Goal is precise, “objective” measurable data that can be analyzed with statistical procedures

Quantitative data

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Aim to understand or explore a phenomena, groups or experiences
Context is everything (not generalization!)
Exploratory, descriptive, interpretative
Range of data (photographs, documents, journal entries, videos, interviews, open-ended survey questions)

Qualitative Research

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Test theories or hypotheses
Seeks explanation, correlation, causation
Structures, controlled research design, clearly specified hypothesis, data and procedures to obtain data
Generalizability: requires representative sample
Goal is prediction, generalizability and causality

Quantitative Research

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In-depth interviews
Focus groups
Participatory action research
Ethnography
Arts-based methods
Document analysis

Qualitative

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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Randomized control trials
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Surveys

Quantitative

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foundational assumptions about knowledge and knowledge production
Positivism & constructivism

Epistemology

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seeks to uncover universal truths about an objective world
observable evidence as the only form of defensible scientific findings

Positivism

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knowledge as socially embedded and constructed through interactions
posits that knowledge is not passively received but actively constructed by individuals through their experiences and interactions

Constructivism

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To see what the experience would actually look like, and what the students look like to get an idea of where the issues actually are
To see trends, or what is a common issue among both campuses
Researcher come in and spending enough time that they can have a perspective

Ethnography

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Comparison between years
Are they experiencing the same issues
Commonalities between issues between different years

Focus group

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“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems” (Last, 1995)

Epidemiology

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describes a health outcome or determinant in terms of person, place and time.

Descriptive epidemiology

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finds out ‘causes’ or determinants

Analytical Epidemiology

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_______________ research:
Descriptive studies
Analytic studies

Epidemiologic

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Generate hypotheses
Answer what, who, where and when
How common is x?

Epidemiologic research:
Descriptive studies

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Test hypotheses
Answer the why and how
What is the relationship between x and y?

Epidemiologic research:
Analytic studies

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Measuring health and disease
Two basic measures of disease occurrence in populations:

Prevalence
Incidence

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the proportion of people who possess a certain attribute at a certain point in time, or within a specific time period

Prevalence

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rate at which new events occur in a population in a defined time period
Key concept is a change in status (e.g. health to sick), over a period of time

Incidence

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Who what where when

Descriptive Epidemiology

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Looks more at the why
Look for association between a health outcome (dependent variable) and possible risk or causative factors (exposures)

Analytic studies

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disease or health state you are trying to investigate

Dependent Variable (outcome)

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the risk or protective factor you are trying to assess against the outcome

Independent variable (exposure)

Analytic ___________: E.g. Randomized control trial __________: Cohort Case-control Cross-sectional

Experimental; Observational

Cross sectional studies Case-control studies

Epidemiologic Study Types

measures the outcome and exposure in the study participants at the same time (e.g. surveys) Does not allow for the assessment of temporal relationships

Cross sectional studies

recruit participants based on their outcome status. Examine exposure to presumed risk factors Association between risk factor and outcome expressed by the odds ratio

Case-control studies

group of people with a common characteristic (e.g., year of birth; place of residence; exposure), followed forward in time.

Cohort study

participants randomized into two or more groups. Intervention group and placebo and/or usual treatment groups

Randomized clinical trial

to quantify the risk (incidence) of developing a disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group.

Measure relative risk (RR)

Top of pyramid: systematic review and meta analysis Trials Cohort Case control studies Cross sectional studies Case series/expert opinion As we go up this pyramid the quality of evidence improves - this makes sense at the level of determining causation and contributing factors

The Hierarchy of Evidence

_____________ indicators measure different aspects of the health of a population. E.g., life expectancy, infant mortality, disability or chronic disease rates.

Health status

__________ indicators measure things that influence health. E.g., diet, smoking, water quality, income and access to health services.

Health determinant

What makes a _____ useful? 1. Reliability/reproducibility 2. Validity 3. Sensitivity 4. Acceptability 5. Feasibility 6. Universality

health indicator

Sources of _______ data Census data Canadian Health Surveys Administrative Data

surveillance

Statistics Canada conducts a national census every 5 years. All citizens required to complete the short form. A sample of 20% complete the long form census. Major source of demographic information

Census data

cross-sectional or longitudinal study, representative sample. approx 35,000 respondents

Canadian Health Surveys

information obtained from client records (e.g. rates of hospitalization, treatments, discharge diagnoses).

Administrative Data

A third variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome, potentially distorting the observed relationship between them.

Confounding Variable

A measurable variable that reflects the health status of individuals or a population.

Health Indicator

A framework that outlines the stages of engagement in HIV care, from diagnosis to viral suppression, used to monitor program effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.

HIV Care Cascade

A framework that recognizes how multiple social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) intersect and interact to create unique experiences of oppression and privilege that influence health and well-being.

Intersectionality

An inclusive term for descendants of the original inhabitants of a country or area, who self-identify and are recognized by their community, with historical continuity to pre-colonial societies. In Canada, this collectively refers to First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

Indigenous Peoples

An ongoing process where a political power from one territory exerts control over another, often involving displacement, cultural disruption, and the establishment of power imbalances.

Colonialism

A specific form of colonialism where settlers displace the original inhabitants, claim land, and establish a society where their privileged status is legally enshrined.

Settler Colonialism

Forms of racism that are deeply embedded within systems, laws, policies, and practices, leading to pervasive unfair treatment of people of color.

Systemic Racism

The positioning of one racialized group's knowledge as superior to another's, often marginalizing non-Western knowledge systems.

Epistemic Racism

A perspective that focuses on the problems, risks, and negative aspects of a community or population.

Deficits Approach

A perspective that emphasizes the assets, capacities, and resilience of individuals and communities.

Strengths-Based Approach

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination against individuals based on their age, particularly older adults. Can be internalized, interpersonal, or systemic.

Ageism

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, and the broader set of forces and systems shaping these conditions.

Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Actions that aim to strengthen protective factors for good mental health and create supportive environments that enhance equity and well-being.

Mental Health Promotion

Types of health indicators

Health status indicators & health determinant indicator

measure different aspects of the health of a population. E.g., life expectancy, infant mortality, disability or chronic disease rates.

Health status indicators

measure things that influence health. E.g., diet, smoking, water quality, income and access to health services.

Health determinant indicators

measures the outcome and exposure in the study participants at the same time (e.g. surveys) (Does not allow for the assessment of temporal relationships)

Cross sectional studies

recruit participants based on their outcome status. Examine exposure to presumed risk factors Association between risk factor and outcome expressed by the odds ratio (OR)

Case-control studies