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Marie- NUR 130 > Key Terms Test 2 > Flashcards

Key Terms Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anemia

A

a condition characterized by a lower than normal hemoglobin concentration

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2
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

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3
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of erythrocytes

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4
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys
  • erythropoietin levels increase if the kidneys detect low levels of O2
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5
Q

hematocrit (HCT)

A
  • measures the mass/weight of the RBC (how big it is)
  • generally 3x the HGB
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6
Q

hemoglobin (HGB)

A
  • main component of RBCs
  • acts as the vehicle in transportation of O2
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7
Q

red blood cell (RBC)

A

principle means of delivering oxygen to body tissues

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8
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs

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9
Q

gas exchange

A

the process by which oxygen is transported TO cells and carbon dioxide is transported FROM cells

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10
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to an organ/part of the body

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11
Q

hypoxia

A

low levels of O2 in body tissues or cells

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12
Q

anoxia

A

no oxygen to cell or tissue

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13
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration

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14
Q

air trapping

A

incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction

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15
Q

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

A
  • genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lung
  • Increases the patient’s risk for developing panacinar emphysema even in the absence of smoking
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16
Q

asthma

A
  • a heterogenous disease usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation
  • Defined by history of symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time and in intensity
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17
Q

bronchiectasis

A
  • chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from the destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue
  • Dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection
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18
Q

chest percussion

A

manually cupping hands over the chest wall and using vibration to mobilize secretions by mechanically dislodging viscous or adherent secretions in the lungs

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19
Q

chest physiotherapy (CPT)

A
  • therapy used to remove bronchial secretions, improve ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles
  • Types include postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration, and breathing retraining
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20
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years

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21
Q

desaturate

A

a precipitous drop in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

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22
Q

dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

A

a compact, portable inspiratory flow-driven inhaler that delivers dry powder medications into the patient’s lungs

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23
Q

emphysema

A

a disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli

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24
Q

flutter valve

A
  • portable handheld mucus clearance device consisting of a tube with an oscillating ball inside
  • Upon expiration, high-frequency oscillations facilitate mucous expectoration
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25
Q

fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)

A

concentration of oxygen delivered (e.g. 1.0 equals to 100% oxygen)

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26
Q

hypoxemia

A

decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood

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27
Q

polycythemia

A
  • increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood
  • In COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen-carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells
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28
Q

postural drainage

A

positioning the patient to allow drainage from all lobes of the lungs and airways

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29
Q

pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI)

A

a compact, portable patient activated pressurized medication canister that provides aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs

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30
Q

small-volume nebulizer (SVN)

A

a handheld generator-driven medication delivery system that provides aerosolized liquid medication that the patient inhales into the lungs

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31
Q

spirometry

A
  • pulmonary function tests that measure specific lung volumes and rates
  • May be measured before and after bronchodilator administration
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32
Q

vibration

A

a type of massage given by quickly tapping the chest with the fingertips or alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner, or by using a mechanical device to assist in mobilizing lung secretions

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33
Q

anthropometrics

A

height and weight

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34
Q

B cells in the pancreas

A

secretes insulin, the body mistakenly destroys these cells in type 1 diabetes

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35
Q

central obesity

A

excess weight that develops over time around the center of the body, also called visceral fat

36
Q

counterregulatory hormones

A
  • raise glucose: glucagon, cortisol
  • Increase with stress
37
Q

diabetes

A

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

38
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (formerly: insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes)

39
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance (formerly: non–insulin-dependent diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes)

40
Q

diabetes distress

A

when a person feels frustrated, defeated, or overwhelmed by diabetes

41
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  • a metabolic derangement, most commonly occurring in type 1 diabetes, that results from a deficiency of insulin
  • Highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis
42
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive eating

43
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive water drinking

44
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

45
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for 8 hours

46
Q

gestational diabetes

A

any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy

47
Q

glucagon

A

counterregulatory hormone that suppresses insulin and increases blood sugar

48
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

a lab test to check how your body moves sugar from the blood into tissues like muscle and fat

49
Q

glycated hemoglobin (A1C)

A

a measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose molecule attaching to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell (120 days)
Synonyms: glycosylated hemoglobin, HgbA1C, A1C

50
Q

glycemic index

A

the amount a given food increases the blood glucose level compared with an equivalent amount of glucose

51
Q

glycogen

A

how the body stores glucose

52
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the formation of glucose by the liver to form noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and the glycerol portion of fats

53
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen

54
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood glucose level

55
Q

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)

A

a metabolic disorder, most commonly of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin

56
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose level

57
Q

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

A

a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; referred to as prediabetes

58
Q

insulin

A
  • a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
  • Deficiency results in diabetes
59
Q

rapid acting insulin

A
60
Q

short acting insulin

A
61
Q

intermediate acting insulin

A
62
Q

long acting insulin

A
63
Q

premixed inslin

A
64
Q

insulin resistance

A
65
Q

ketone

A

a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin

66
Q

lipohypertrophy

A
67
Q

medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

A

nutritional therapy prescribed for management of diabetes that usually is given by a registered dietitian

68
Q

microalbuminuria

A
69
Q

myplate.gov

A
70
Q

nephropathy

A
  • a long-term complication of diabetes in which the kidney cells are damaged
  • Characterized by microalbuminuria in early stages and progressing to end-stage kidney disease
71
Q

neuropathy

A

a long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerve cell

72
Q

pharmacologic agents

A
73
Q

oral hypogycemic agents

A
74
Q

biguanide class

A
75
Q

thiazolidinedione

A
76
Q

sulfonylureas

A
77
Q

incretin agents

A
78
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors

A
79
Q

basal insulin

A
80
Q

mealtime insulin

A
81
Q

mixed preparations

A
82
Q

statins

A
83
Q

prediabetes

A
  • impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes
  • includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease
84
Q

retinopathy

A

a condition that occurs when the small blood vessels that nourish the retina in the eye are damaged

85
Q

self-monitoring of blood glucose

A

a method of capillary blood glucose testing

Marie- NUR 130 (4 decks)

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