Key Terms: Lec 6-10

Question 1

LUCA

Answer 1

Last common universal ancestor

Question 2

Eocyte tree

Answer 2

hypothesis that eukaryotes evolved from eocyte tree

Question 3

ether linkage

Answer 3

chemical bond between ethers

Question 4

ester linkage

Answer 4

chemical bond between esters

Question 5

binary fission

Answer 5

• asexual reproduction
• provide two identical daughter cells (clones)

Question 6

plasmid

Answer 6

extra chromosomal DNA, small circular molecules

Question 7

lateral gene transfer

Answer 7

genetic material is transferred between organisms that aren’t direct ancestors/ offspring

Question 8

conjugation

Answer 8

plasmid or piece of chromosome is transferred

Question 9

transformation

Answer 9

organism takes and incorporates exogenous DNA, resulting in an genetic alteration

Question 10

transduction

Answer 10

transferring genetic material from one cell to another using a virus

Question 11

anaerobes

Answer 11

do not use and may even be killed by oxygen

Question 12

aerotolerants

Answer 12

can tolerate the presence of oxygen, even they cannot use it

Question 13

microaerophiles

Answer 13

aerobes that can use oxygen only when present at levels reduced from that in air

Question 14

facultative

Answer 14

can live with or without oxygen

Question 15

aerobes

Answer 15

require oxygen to live

Question 16

gram positive

Answer 16

uniformly dense cell wall consisting mostly of peptidoglycan

Question 17

gram negative

Answer 17

very thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which make up the cell envelope

Question 18

photoautotrophs

Answer 18

energy source: light
carbon source: carbon dioxide

Question 19

chemoautotrophs

Answer 19

energy source: inorganic substance
carbon source: carbon dioxide

Question 20

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 20

energy source: usually organic compound
carbon source: organic compounds

Question 21

photoheterotrophs:

Answer 21

energy source: light
carbon source: organic compounds

Question 22

extremeophyles

Answer 22

organisms that can thrive in extreme environments such as temperature, radiation, pressure

Question 23

Great plate count anomaly

Answer 23

the number of microbial cells under a microscope is much larger than the number of colonies in a Petri dish from the same sample

Question 24

virus

Answer 24

noncellular infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms

Question 25

virion

Answer 25

extracellular form of a virus and contains either an RNA or DNA genome

Question 26

capsid

Answer 26

-proteins that surround/ protect the genetic element

Question 27

nucleocapsid

Answer 27

complete complex of nucleic acid and protein packaged in the virion

Question 28

envelope

Answer 28

lipid membrane, outer layer of a cell

Question 29

eclipse phase

Answer 29

the time between a cell being infected by a virus to the start of virus protection

Question 30

maturation phase

Answer 30

cells become specialized and adapt to their enviroment

Question 31

plaques

Answer 31

clear zones that develop on lawns of host cells

Question 32

lytic

Answer 32

- involves destruction of the host cell -virus replication occurs independent from the host

Question 33

lysogenic

Answer 33

- viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome - Virus DNA replication dependent of the host

Question 34

mutualism

Answer 34

both species benefit

Question 35

commensalism

Answer 35

one species benefits, the other species is not affected

Question 36

parasitism

Answer 36

one species benefits, the other is negatively affected

Question 37

parasite

Answer 37

organism living on or in another organism, at the expense of the second organism

Question 38

pathogen

Answer 38

biological agent that causes disease to its host

Question 39

infectious disease

Answer 39

disease that is caused by a pathogen which can spread from a diseased to a healthy host

Question 40

noninfectious disease

Answer 40

disease that is caused by an environmental or host factor. not spread between a diseased and healthy individual

Question 41

zoonotic disease

Answer 41

an infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans