Key Terms from textbook + additional info Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Aminoacyclase

Answer

A

Enzyme used to produce pure samples of L-amino acids

Question 2

Q

Abiotic Factors

Answer

A

Non-living conditions in a habitat

Question 3

Q

Abscission

Answer

A

The fall of leaves

Question 4

Q

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Answer

A

A molecule that enters the Krebs cycle from glycolysis through a linking reaction when coenzyme A combines with an acetyl group

Question 5

Q

Acetylation

Answer

A

Addition of an acetyl group

Question 6

Q

Action Potential

Answer

A

The change in the potential difference across the neurone membrane of the axon when stimulated (approx + 40mV)

Question 7

Q

Activation Energy

Answer

A

The energy required to initiate a reaction

Question 8

Q

Active Site

Answer

A

Area of an enzyme with a shape complementary to a specific substrate, allowing the enzyme to bind a substrate with specificity.

Question 9

Q

Active Transport

Answer

A

Movement of particles across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient. Energy (ATP) is required

Question 10

Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Answer

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar and two phosphate groups. Formed by the hydrolysis of ATP (which contains three phosphate groups), releasing a phosphate ion and energy through the process of dephosphorylation.

Question 11

Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar and three phosphate groups. The universal energy currency for cells.

Question 12

Q

Agglutinins

Answer

A

Chemicals (antibodies) that cause pathogens to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest.

Question 13

Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer

A

Fermentation that results in the production of ethanol

Question 14

Q

Alkaloids

Answer

A

Bitter-tasting compounds found in plant leaves that may affect the metabolism of animals or insects eating them or poison them. Are also the basis of many drugs. E.g: caffeine

Question 15

Q

Allele

Answer

A

Version of a gene

Question 16

Q

Allele Frequency

Answer

A

The relative frequency of a particular allele in a population at a given time

Question 17

Q

Alleles

Answer

A

Different versions of the same gene

Question 18

Q

Allopatric speciation

Answer

A

Speciation that occurs as a result of a physical barrier between populations

Question 19

Q

Amino Acids

Answer

A

Monomer used to build polypeptides and thus proteins

Question 20

Q

Ammonification

Answer

A

Conversion of nitrogen compounds in dead organic matter or waste into ammonium compounds by decomposers.

Question 21

Q

Anabolic Steroids

Answer

A

Steroid drugs used illegally by some athletes and body builders to increase muscle mass.

Question 22

Q

Anabolism (Anabolic)

Answer

A

Reactions of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy from thy hydrolysis of ATP.

Question 23

Q

Anaerobic respiration

Answer

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

Question 24

Q

Analogous structures

Answer

A

Structures that have adapted to perform the same function but have a different origin.
(Used in comparative anatomy and within convergent evolution)

Question 25

Q

Anaphase

Answer

A

Third stage of mitosis when chromatids are separated to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 26

Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Answer

A

Bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number.

Question 27

Q

Antibiotics

Answer

A

A chemical or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.

Question 28

Q

Antibodies

Answer

A

Y-shaped glycoproteins made by B cells (plasma) of the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

Question 29

Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

A

Hormone that increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to water.

Question 30

Q

Antigen

Answer

A

Identifying chemical on the surface of a cell that triggers an immune response

Question 31

Q

Antigen-antibody complex

Answer

A

The complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen

Question 32

Q

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Answer

A

A cell that processes and displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces for recognition by certain lymphocytes (T cells). E.g: dendritic cells, macrophages, langerhans cells and B cells

Question 33

Q

Antisense strand

Answer

A

The strand of DNA that runs 3’ to 5’ and is complementary to the sense strand. It acts as a template strand during transcription

Question 34

Q

Anti-toxins

Answer

A

Chemicals (antibodies) that bind to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect

Question 35

Q

Apical Dominance

Answer

A

The growth and dominance of the main shoot as a result of the suppression of lateral shoots by auxin.

Question 36

Q

Apoplast

Answer

A

The cell walls and intercellular spaces of plant cells.

Question 37

Q

Apoplast Route

Answer

A

Movement of substances (water and dissolved mineral ions) through the cell walls and cell spaces by diffusion and into the cytoplasm by active transport.

Question 38

Q

Apoptosis

Answer

A

Programmed and controlled cell death. Important in controlling the body form and in the removal of damaged or diseased cells.

Question 39

Q

Arrhythmia

Answer

A

An abnormal rhythm of the heart

Question 40

Q

Artefacts

Answer

A

Objects or structures, seen through a microscope, that have been created during the processing and preparation of a specimen on a microscopic slide.

Question 41

Q

Artificial Active Immunity

Answer

A

Immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen, E.g: by vaccination

Question 42

Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

Answer

A

Immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen

Question 43

Q

Artificial selection (selective breeding)

Answer

A

Only a few individuals within a population are selected for their advantageous characteristics and bred. E.g: the breeding of pedigree animals or of human food crops.

Question 44

Q

Artificial twinning (Embryo splitting)

Answer

A

The process of producing monozygotic twins artificially.

Question 45

Q

Aseptic techniques

Answer

A

Techniques used to culture microorganisms in sterile conditions so they are not contaminated with unwanted microorganisms.

Question 46

Q

Asexual reproduction (mitosis)

Answer

A

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

Question 47

Q

Assimilates

Answer

A

the products of photosynthesis that are transported around a plant E.g: sucrose

Question 48

Q

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer

A

An abnormal rhythm of the heart when the atria beat very fast and incompletely.

Question 49

Q

Atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

Answer

A

Stimulates the ventricles to contract (through electrical conduction) after imposing a slight delay to ensure atrial contraction is complete.

Question 50

Q

Autoimmune disease

Answer

A

A condition or illness resulting from an autoimmune response. E.g: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Type 1 diabetes

Question 51

Q

Autoimmune response

Answer

A

Response when the immune system acts against its own cells and destroys healthy tissue in the body

Question 52

Q

Autonomic nervous system

Answer

A

Part of the nervous system that is under subconscious control. (input from internal sensory receptors + output to smooth muscle and glands)

Question 53

Q

Autosomal Linkage

Answer

A

Genes present on the same, non-sex chromosome

Question 54

Q

Autotrophic

Answer

A

Organisms that synthesize complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis E.g: plants

Question 55

Q

Auxins

Answer

A

Plant hormones that control cell elongation, prevent leaf fall, maintain apical dominance, produce tropic responses, and stimulate the use of ethene in fruit ripening.

Question 56

Q

B effector cells

Answer

A

B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones

Question 57

Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Answer

A

lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of antibodies

Question 58

Q

B memory cells

Answer

A

B lymphocytes that live a long time and provide immunological memory of the antibody needed against a specific antigen

Question 59

Q

Baroreceptors

Answer

A

receptors which detect changes in pressure

Question 60

Q

Batch fermentation

Answer

A

an industrial fermentation that runs for a set time (antibiotics E.g: penicillin and Enzymes)

Question 61

Q

Belt transect

Answer

A

Two parallel lines are marked along the ground and samples are taken of the area at specified points

Question 62

Q

Benedict’s reagent

Answer

A

An alkaline solution of copper(II) sulfate used in the chemical tests for reducing (all monosaccharides) and non-reducing sugars (most commonly sucrose). A brick-red precipitate indicates a positive result.

Question 63

Q

Beta pleated sheet

Answer

A

sheet-like secondary structure of proteins, contains hydrogen bonds.

Question 64

Q

Binomial nomenclature

Answer

A

the scientific naming of a species with a Latin name made of two parts- first genus (capital letter), second is species (all lower case). In italics - when writing underline.

Answer 65

A

the variety of living organism present in an area.

Answer 66

A

the development of the software and computing tools needed to analyse and organise raw biological data E.g: algorithms, mathematical models and statistical tests that help make sense of enormous quantities of data.
(new area of bioscience that was developed due to the development of DNA profiling and DNA sequencing)

Answer 67

A

mass of living material

Answer 68

A

the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants and contaminants in the soil or water.
E.g: naturally using bacteria in the sea after an oil spill. Artificially using GM bacteria to remove mercury contamination in water

Answer 69

A

Living components of an ecosystem

Answer 70

A

Chemical test for proteins; peptide bonds form violet coloured complexes with copper ions in alkaline solutions.

Answer 71

A

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the uptake and release of oxygen by haemoglobin.
As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily.

Answer 72

A

As the proportion of carbon dioxide increases, the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin moves to the right.

Answer 73

A

Cup-shaped structure that contains the glomerulus and is the site of ultrafiltration in the kidney.

Answer 74

A

A slow heart rhythm of 60 beats per minute

Answer 75

A

the number of breaths (inhalation and exhalation) taken per minute

Answer 76

A

A form of active transport where large molecules or whole bacterial cells are moved into or out of a cell by endocytosis or exocytosis.

Answer 77

A

Conducting tissue composed of purkyne fibres that passes through the septum of the heart.

Answer 78

A

A polysaccharide contained Beta 1-3 linkages and Beta 1-6 linkages between the glucose monomers that is important in the plant response to an infection.

Callose is deposited between plant cell walls + plasma membranes + at the plasmodesmata during times of stress E.g: pathogen invasion limiting their spread

Answer 79

A

The cyclical light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts
Here, the ATP and reduced NADP from the light dependent stage supply the energy and hydrogen to make glucose from CO2.
3 stage Cycle: Carbon fixation (CO2 + RuBP using Rubisco = 2GP), Reduction (light dependent products used to reduce + phosphorylate 2GP = 2TP), Regeneration (left TP into RuBP)

Answer 80

A

The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin

Answer 81

A

Organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio Cx (H20)y. Also known as saccharides or sugars.

Answer 82

A

Enzyme which catalyses the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid

Answer 83

A

The events of a single heartbeat composed of diastole and systole.

Diastole (both atria + ventriles relax, pressure in arteries > ventricles = closing of semi-lunar valves [middle], blood flows into the atria)
Atrial Systole (both atria contract same time, pressure in atria > ventricles, blood flows through open AV valves into ventricles)
Ventricular systole (both ventricles contract same time, pressure ventricles > atria + arteries = AV valves close + semi-lunar valves open, blood leaves heart)

Answer 84

A

A person who has one copy of a recessive allele coding for a genetically inherited condition.
E.g: sex linked condition; female hemophiliac carriers

Answer 85

A

Membrane proteins that play a part in the transport of substances through a membrane.

Answer 86

A

The maximum population size that an environment can carry

Answer 87

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the bodies of humans and other animals.
E.g: incomplete rings in trachea to prevent collapsing, bronchi (smaller)

Answer 88

A

Reactions of metabolism that break molecules down into smaller units. These reactions release energy.

Answer 89

A

An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

Answer 90

A

The highly ordered sequence of events that takes place in a cell, resulting in division of the nucleus and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.

Interphase (G1, G2, S)
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

Answer 91

A

A complex system of intercellular communication.

Answer 92

A

A polysaccharide formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down. It is unable to coil or form branches but makes hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres. Major component of plant cell walls.

Answer 93

A

A strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell-types. E.g: plant cells

Answer 94

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

- relay neurones

Answer 95

A

Small, hollow cylinders that are a component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells (all animal cells, some plant cells), composed of microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)
- forms spindle fibres to move chromosomes during mitosis + meiosis

Answer 96

A

Controls voluntary actions, such as learning, memory, personality and conscious thought.

Answer 97

A

Co-ordinates and controls unconscious functions such as posture, balance and non-voluntary movement.

Answer 98

A

Region at which two chromatids are held together

Answer 99

A

Membrane proteins that provide a hydrophilic channel through a membrane

Answer 100

A

Control mechanisms of the cell cycle

G1 checkpoint: cell checks that the chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to the DNA before entering S phase
G2 checkpoint: cell checks whether all the DNA has been replicated without any damage before the cell can enter mitosis
Metaphase checkpoint: cell checks that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before mitosis can continue

Answer 101

A

The synthesis of ATP driven by a flow of protons across a membrane

Answer 102

A

Receptors which detect chemical changes

Answer 103

A

Formula used to determine the significance of the difference between observed and expected count data.

Answer 104

A

Sections of DNA, which became entangled during crossing over, break and rejoin during anaphase 1 of meiosis sometimes resulting in an exchange of DNA between bivalent chromosomes, forming recombinant chromatids and providing genetic variation.

Answer 105

A

The movement of bicarbonate ions into the red blood cells as hydrogen ions move out to maintain the electrochemical equilibrium.

Answer 106

A

Green pigment that captures light in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a (primary pigment) and chlorophyll b (accessory pigment).

Answer 107

A

Organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Contain chlorophyll pigments, which are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Answer 108

A

Two identical copies of DNA (a chromosome) held together at the centromere

Answer 109

A

Uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones

Answer 110

A

Structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin. Chromosomes become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide (prophase).

Answer 111

A

During Prophase 1 of meiosis 1, homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and pair up. The chromatids twist around each other and bits of chromatids swap over. The chromatids still contain the same genes but now have a different combination of alleles.

Answer 112

A

The transport system of an animal

Answer 113

A

Six carbon molecule formed in Krebs cycle by the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A.

Answer 114

A

Final stage in succession, where the community is said to be in a stable state.

Answer 115

A

The mass proliferation of antibody-producing cells by clonal selection.

Answer 116

A

The theory that exposure to a specific antigen selectively stimulates the proliferation of the cell with the appropriate antibody to form numerous clones of these specific antibody-forming cells (clonal expansion)

Answer 117

A

The genetically identical offspring produced as a result of cloning.

Answer 118

A

A way of producing offspring by asexual reproduction

Answer 119

A

A circulatory system where the blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with the cells of the body beyond the blood vessels.
E.g: Fish and mammals

Answer 120

A

A species of Gram positive bacteria that is resistant to most antibiotics

Answer 121

A

When different alleles of a gene are equally dominant and both are expressed in the phenotype. Ratio 2:1:1

Answer 122

A

A three-base sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for an amino acid

Answer 123

A

Coenzyme with important roles in the oxidation of pyruvate in Krebs cycle and in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

Answer 124

A

Non-protein components necessary for the effective functioning of an enzyme.
E.g: iron, calcium, chloride, zinc ions

Answer 125

A

The best current model explaining the movement of water through a plant during transpiration

Answer 126

A

Final part of the tubule that passes through the renal medulla and the place where the hypertonic urine is produced if needed. The permeability of the walls is affected by ADH levels and it is the main site of water balancing.

Answer 127

A

Diseases that can be passed from one organism to another, of the same or different species.

Answer 128

A

All the populations of living organisms in a particular habitat.

Answer 129

A

The active cells found next to sieve tube elements that supply the phloem vessels with all of their metabolic needs. Used in translocation.

Answer 130

A

An inhibitor that competes with a substrate to bind to active site on an enzyme due to its similar shape with the substrate.

Answer 131

A

Specific hydrogen bonding between nucleic acid bases. Adenine(A) binds to thymine(T) or uracil(U) with two bonds and cytosine(C) binds to guanine(G) with three bonds.

Answer 132

A

A light microscope which uses two lenses to magnify an object; the objective lens - placed near to the specimen, and an eyepiece lens - through which the specimen is viewed

Answer 133

A

A reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule. The opposite reaction to a hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 134

A

The study of biology using computational techniques to analyse large amounts of data.

builds theoretical models or biological systems
which can be used to predict what will happen in different circumstances
developed bioscience due to the development of DNA profiling + DNA sequencing

Answer 135

A

The maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management

Answer 136

A

Organism that obtains its energy by feeding on another organism.

Answer 137

A

An industrial fermentation where culture broth is removed continuously and more nutrient medium added

Answer 138

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range e.g. height.

Answer 139

A

staining or treating specific cell components so they are visible compared to untreated components

Answer 140

A

Organisms evolve similarities because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection pressures

Answer 141

A

Statistical text used to consider the relationship between two sets of data.

Answer 142

A

The dark outer layer of the kidney containing the Bowman’s capsules and glomeruli

Answer 143

A

A system for exchanging materials or heat when the two different components flow in opposite directions past each other.
E.g: in the circulatory system of fish

Answer 144

A

Application of second stain with a contrasting colour to sample for microscopy.

Answer 145

A

Fold of inner mitochondrial membranes, increases the surface area where reactions of the electron transfer chain can take place. Site of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 146

A

Growing living matter in vitro E.g: microorganisms in specifically prepare nutrient medium.

Answer 147

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a molecule that acts as an important second messenger in many biological systems
E.g: lac operon

Answer 148

A

Synthesis of ATP involving only photosystem 1

Answer 149

A

Cell-signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that attract phagocytes to the site of infection or inflammation

Answer 150

A

Cell division stage in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle that results in the production of two identical daughter cells.

Answer 151

A

The bursting of an animal cell caused by increasing hydrostatic pressure as water enters by osmosis.

Answer 152

A

Internal fluids of cells, composed of cytosol (water, salts and organic molecules), organelles and cytoskeleton. Where majority of cell reactions take place.

Answer 153

A

A network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
Major type of filaments that make up cytoskeleton:
- actin filaments
- microtubules
- intermediate filaments

Answer 154

A

The removal of the amino group from amino acids.
E.g: it is the most important role of the liver in protein metabolism. Converts amino acids into ammonia through deamination

Answer 155

A

The removal of carbon dioxide

Answer 156

A

plants that lose their leaves for part of the year

Answer 157

A

Organism that breaks down dead organisms releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem
E.g: bacteria, fungus

Answer 158

A

Chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler compounds or into its constituent elements.

Answer 159

A

The removal of a hydrogen atom

Answer 160

A

A mutation where one or more nucleotides are deleted and lost from the DNA strand

Answer 161

A

conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas

Answer 162

A

Change in tertiary structure of a protein or enzyme, resulting in loss of normal function

Answer 163

A

The molecule responsible for the storage of genetic information

Answer 164

A

A change in potential difference from negative to positive across the membrane of a neurone.

Answer 165

A

Removal or breakdown of toxins

Answer 166

A

Organism which speeds up decay by breaking down detritus into smaller pieces.
E.g: earthworm

Answer 167

A

medical condition which affects a person’s ability to control their blood glucose concentration

Answer 168

A

The stage in which the heart relaxes and the atria and then the ventricles fill with blood

Answer 169

A

Plants that produce seeds containing two cotyledons, which act as food stores for the developing embryo and form the first leaves when the seed germinates.

Answer 170

A

Using specific stains to distinguish between different types of cells.

Answer 171

A

The process of a cell becoming differentiated. Involves the selective expression of genes in a cell’s genome.

Answer 172

A

A characteristic controlled by two genes

Answer 173

A

A characteristic inherited on two genes. Ratio 9:3:1:1

Answer 174

A

Normal chromosome number; two chromosomes of each type - one inherited from both parents

Answer 175

A

Natural selection that favours one extreme phenotype

E.g: peppered moths during industrial revolution

Answer 176

A

A molecule comprising two monosaccharides, joined together by a glycosidic bond
E.g: Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Answer 177

A

A characteristic that can only result in discrete values

E.g: blood type

Answer 178

A

Natural selection that favours both extremes of a given phenotype

Answer 179

A

The second twisted section of the nephron where the permeability of the walls varies in response to ADH levels in the blood

Answer 180

A

Species diverge over time into two different species, resulting in a new species becoming less like the original one

Answer 181

A

Enzyme that catalyses the unwinding and separating of strands in DNA replication.

Answer 182

A

Enzyme that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in DNA replication.

Answer 183

A

Producing an image of the patterns in the non-coding DNA of an individual.
Used in:
- forensics
- paternal testing
- likelihood of inheriting a genetic disease

Answer 184

A

The semi-conservative process of the production of identical copies of DNA molecules

Answer 185

A

Working out the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA

Answer 186

A

Version of the gene that will always be expressed if present

Answer 187

A

The most abundant species in an ecosystem

Answer 188

A

A circulatory system where the blood travels twice through the heart for each complete circulation of the body. In the fist circulation blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs. In the second circulation oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the brain and body to supply cells with oxygen
E.g: In humans

Answer 189

A

Efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next

Answer 190

A

All the interacting living organisms and the non living conditions of a given area, it is dynamic.

Answer 191

A

Tourism directed towards natural environments, intended to support conservation efforts.

Answer 192

A

Extra heartbeats that are out of the normal rhythm

Answer 193

A

Animals that use their surroundings to warm their bodies so their core temperature is heavily dependent on the environment.
E.g: reptiles

Answer 194

A

Muscle or gland which carries out body’s response to a stimulus.

Answer 195

A

The ability to return to original shape and size following stretching. Particularly of the alveoli of the lungs and of the arteries.

Answer 196

A

A technique for measuring tiny changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin that results from the electrical activity of the heart. This produces a trace which can be used to analyse the health of the heart.

Answer 197

A

Proteins that accept and release electrons

Answer 198

A

Microscopy using a microscope that employs a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen. As electrons have a much smaller wavelength than light they produce images with higher resolutions than light microscopes

Answer 199

A

A type of chromatography that relies on the way charged particles move through a gel under the influence of an electrical current. It is used to separate nucleic acid fragments or proteins.

Answer 200

A

The use of a very tiny electric current to transfer genetically engineered plasmids into bacteria or to get DNA fragments directly into eukaryotic cells (e.g in somatic cell nuclear transfer)

Answer 201

A

Laboratory test for lipids using ethanol - a white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid.

Answer 202

A

The product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme required for the reaction.

Answer 203

A

Group of specialized cells which secrete hormones

Answer 204

A

The bulk transport of materials into cells via invagination of the cell-surface membrane forming a vesicle

Answer 205

A

The widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Answer 206

A

Reactions that absorb energy

Answer 207

A

Animals that rely on their metabolic processes to warm their bodies and maintain their core temperature

Answer 208

A

With the nucleus removed

Answer 209

A

Complex formed as a result of an enzyme-catalysed reaction, when a substrate is converted to a product or products while bound to the active site of an enzyme

Answer 210

A

Biological catalysts that interact with substrate molecules to facilitate chemical reactions. Usually globular proteins

Answer 211

A

Complex formed when a substrate is bound to the active site of an enzyme

Answer 212

A

When a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level

Answer 213

A

External control of genetic regulation

Answer 214

A

The effect of one gene on the expression of another gene. The interaction of genes at different loci.
E.g: gene regulation

Answer 215

A

loosely packed DNA

Answer 216

A

multicellular eukaryotic organisms like animals, plants and fungi and single-celled protoctista.

Answer 217

A

Cells with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 218

A

Conservation methods out of their natural habitats

E.g: zoos, aquariums, seed banks

Answer 219

A

Surfaces over which materials are exchanged from onw area to another

Answer 220

A

The removal of the waste products of metabolism from the body.

Answer 221

A

The bulk transport of materials out of cells. Vesicles containing the material fuse with the cell-surface membrane and the contents are released to the outside of the cell
E.g: the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a cholinergic synapse

Answer 222

A

An external skeleton of some organisms

E.g: insects

Answer 223

A

Reactions that release energy

Answer 224

A

The extra amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs over and above the normal exhalation (tidal volume)

Answer 225

A

Diffusion across a membrane through protein channels

Answer 226

A

Organisms that can respire anaerobically or aerobically

E.g: yeast

Answer 227

A

A coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in Krebs cycle

Answer 228

A

Long chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides and phospholipids

Unsaturated (at least one double bond)
Saturated (no double bonds)

Answer 229

A

Anaerobic respiration without the involvement of an electron transport chain

Answer 230

A

Long, insoluble, structural proteins
E.g:

Collagen = mechanical strength, withstand high pressures; bones, tendon cartilage, connective tissue
Keratin = many disulfide bridges, hard and strong; fingernails, hair, horns, hooves, feathers
Elastin = elastic, stretch + recoil; skin, lungs, blood vessels, bladder

Answer 231

A

Model of the structure of a cell membrane in which phospholipids within the phospholipid bilayer are free to move and proteins of various shapes and sizes are embedded in various positions.

Answer 232

A

The application of science to the law, commonly in solving crimes

Answer 233

A

The remains or impression of science to the law, commonly in solving crimes

Answer 234

A

When a few individuals of a species colonise a new area, their offspring initially experience a loss in genetic variation, and rare alleles can become much more common in the population.

Answer 235

A

Biological kingdom containing yeasts, moulds and mushrooms

Answer 236

A

Haploid sex cells produced by meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually

Answer 237

A

The complex systems in which the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in an organism

Answer 238

A

A section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of bases (codons) to code for a protein

Answer 239

A

Store of genetic material

keep samples of wild + domesticated seed varieties
-store biological samples such as sperm + eggs, frozen
= used to increase genetic diversity by outbreeding

Answer 240

A

When alleles are transferred from one population to another by interbreeding

Answer 241

A

Sum total of all the genes in a population at a given time

Answer 242

A

When large numbers of a population die prior to reproducing, leading to reduced genetic biodiversity within the population.

Answer 243

A

The sequences of bases in DNA are the ‘instructions’ for the sequences of amino acids in the production of proteins

Answer 244

A

Random change of allele frequency

Answer 245

A

A variety of different combinations of alleles in a population

Answer 246

A

All of the genetic material of an organism

Answer 247

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 248

A

The growth response of plants towards gravity

Answer 249

A

Inserting a healthy allele into the germ cells (gametes) or into a very early embryo (zygote)

Answer 250

A

Plant hormones that cause stem elongation, trigger the mobilisation of food stores in a seed at germination and stimulate pollen tube growth in fertilisation

Answer 251

A

The gaseous exchange organs of fish, comprised of gill plates, gill filaments and gill lamellae.

Answer 252

A

Spherical, water-soluble proteins

Answer 253

A

A test used to estimate the volume of blood filtered by the glomeruli each minute, used to indicate a loss of function in the kidneys.

Answer 254

A

Enzyme used to convert dextrins to glucose

Answer 255

A

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 256

A

A monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6. One of the main products of photosynthesis in plants

Answer 257

A

Enzyme used to produce fructose from glucose

Answer 258

A

Compound formed in Calvin Cycle after carbon fixation

Answer 259

A

Alcohol found in trigylcerides (1 glycerol ester bond 3 fatty acids producing 3 water mols)

Answer 260

A

A branched polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules. A chemical energy store in animal cells.

Answer 261

A

Production of glycogen from glucose

Answer 262

A

Process in which glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells is broken down into glucose

Answer 263

A

Cell-surface membrane lipids with attached carbohydrate molecules of varying lengths and shapes

Answer 264

A

Extrinsic membrane proteins with attached carbohydrate molecules of varying lengths and shapes

Answer 265

A

A covalent bond between two monosaccharides

Answer 266

A

Differentiated cells specialised to secrete mucus

Answer 267

A

Organelle in most eukaryotic cells formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae. Plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles.

Answer 268

A

Bacteria with cell walls that stain red with Gram stain

Answer 269

A

Bacteria with cell walls that stain purple-blue with Gram stain

Answer 270

A

A structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of several thylakoids. Contains chlorophyll pigments, where light reactions occur during photosynthesis.

Answer 271

A

Cells that can open and close the stomatal pores, controlling gaseous exchange and water loss in plants.

Answer 272

A

The number of different habitats found within an area

Answer 273

A

The red, oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells

Answer 274

A

The compound formed when haemoglobin accepts free hydrogen ions in its role as a buffer in the blood.

Answer 275

A

The transport medium or ‘blood’ in insects

Answer 276

A

Half the normal chromosome number; one chromosome of each type

Answer 277

A

Formula used to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population (pop has to be stable and not evolving)

Answer 278

A

liver cells

Answer 279

A

The process of animals eating plants

Answer 280

A

Tightly packed DNA

Answer 281

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by the ingestion of other organisms

Answer 282

A

Two different alleles for a characteristic

Answer 283

A

The compound that results from the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis.

Answer 284

A

A monosaccharide composed of six carbons

Answer 285

A

New methods of sequencing DNA that are automated, very rapid and much cheaper than the original techniques.

Answer 286

A

Chemicals produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that make the blood vessels dilate (causing redness and heat) and the blood vessels leaky (causing swellin and pain)

Answer 287

A

Proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin

Answer 288

A

Regulatory genes responsible for the development of body plans through apoptosis and mitosis

Answer 289

A

A conserved motif of 60 amino acids found in all homeobox proteins. It is the part of the protein that binds to DNA allowing the protein to act as a transcriptional regulator.

Answer 290

A

The maintenance of a stable equilibrium in the conditions inside the body.

Answer 291

A

Matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

Answer 292

A

A structure which appears superficially different but has the same underlying structure. E.g pentadactyl limb

Answer 293

A

Two identical alleles for a characteristic

Answer 294

A

Chemical messengers which travel around the body in the blood stream

Answer 295

A

Organic component of soil formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms

Answer 296

A

The breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule. Opposite to condensation reaction

Answer 297

A

The physical property of a molecule that is attracted to water

Answer 298

A

The physical property of a molecule that is repelled by water

Answer 299

A

Plants with adaptations that enable them to survive in very wet habitats or submerged at the surface of water E.g: water lillies, water cress, duck weeds, yellow iris;

thin, waxy cuticle
many always open stomata on upper surface
reduced structure to plant
wide, flat leaves
small roots
large SA of roots and stems under water
air sacs

Answer 300

A

The pressure created by water in an enclosed system

Answer 301

A

Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance. The region of the brain above the pituitary gland that contains osmoreceptors involved in osmoregulation and thermoreceptors involved in thermoregulation.

Answer 302

A

Enzymes that are attached to an inert support system over which the substrate passes and is converted to product

adsorption
ionic/covalent bonding
entrapment
encapsulation

Answer 303

A

A biological response that protects the body by recognising and responding to antigens and by destroying substances carrying non-self antigens

Answer 304

A

y-shaped glycoproteins that form antibodies

Answer 305

A

conservation methods within the natural environment
E.g;
-national parks/wildlife reserves, marine conservation (protected areas)

Answer 306

A

breeding between closely related organisms

Answer 307

A

reduced biological fitness due to inbreeding

Answer 308

A

The arrangement of each homologous chromosome pair (bivalent) in metaphase 1 and metaphase 2 of meiosis is independent of each other and results in genetic variation

Answer 309

A

Biological response of vascular tissues to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, resulting in pain, heat, redness and swelling

Answer 310

A

A factor that prevents or reduces the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction

Answer 311

A

The inner most of the two mitochondrial membranes. Separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. Is the site where the electron transport chain takes place

Answer 312

A

A point mutation where one or more extra nucleotides are inserted into a DNA strand

Answer 313

A

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in over and above a normal inhalation (tidal volume)

Answer 314

A

A globular protein involved in the regulation of blood glucose concentration.
Produced by beta cells in islets of langerhans (pancreas) when blood glucose level is too high:

Insulin binds to membrane-bound receptors on liver and muscle cells (first messenger)
Activates a secondary messenger resulting in:
more glucose channels on membrane = more glucose enters cells
glycogenesis for storage
more glucose converted to fatss
increased rate of respiration
stops cells using sources other than glucose as an energy source

Whereas, glucagon is detected and acts on liver cells

Answer 315

A

The muscles between the ribs that pull the ribs upwards during inhalation (internal intercostal muscles) and downwards during forced exhalation (external intercostal muscles)

Answer 316

A

A type of cytokine produced by T helper cells

Answer 317

A

Growth period of the cell cycle, between cell divisions (mitotic phase). Consists of stages G1, G2, S:

G1 = Cell grows, new organelles + proteins are made
S= Cell replicates its DNA, ready to divide by mitosis
G2= Cell keeps growing + proteins needed for cell division are made

Answer 318

A

Competition between organisms of different species for the same resource

Answer 319

A

The differences between organisms of different species

Answer 320

A

The differences between organisms of the same species

Answer 321

A

Competition between organisms of the same species for the same resource

Answer 322

A

Regions of non-coding DNA or RNA

Answer 323

A

A chemical test for the presence of starch using a potassium iodide solution. A colour change to purple/black indicates a positive result

Answer 324

A

An atom or molecule with an overall electric charge because the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons. Anion or Cation

Answer 325

A

A chemical bond that involves the donating of an electron from one atom to another, forming positive and negative ions held together by the attraction of the opposite charges.

Answer 326

A

Clusters of specialised cells within the pancreas responsible for producing insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells LARGER)
Endocrine glands - secreted directly into blood capillaries

Answer 327

A

Exocrine cells of pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes into pancreatic ducts into the small intestine:

Amylase
Lipase
Trypinogen (inactive protease)
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (as acidity of stomach denatures enzymes)

Answer 328

A

Species which are essential for maintaining biodiversity - they have a disproportionately large effect on their environment relative to their abundance

Answer 329

A

The second biggest and broadest taxonomic group

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Bacteria/Prokaryote

Answer 330

A

Operon responsible for the metabolism of lactose

Answer 331

A

Enzyme used to hydrolyse lactose to glucose and galactose and produce lactose-free milk

Answer 332

A

A disaacharide made up of galactose and glucose monosaccharide

Answer 333

A

Enzyme used in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Answer 334

A

Fermentation (in anaerobic respiration) that results in the production of lactate in animal cells

Answer 335

A

Membranous channels which join grana together in a chloroplast

Answer 336

A

A microscope that employs a laser beam and a a pin-hole aperture to produce an image with a very high resolution

Answer 337

A

A group of protein and chlorophyll molecules found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts in a plant cell.

Answer 338

A

An instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to enable the user to see objects magnified many times

Answer 339

A

A factor which limits the rate of a process

Answer 340

A

A form of inbreeding using less closely related organisms

Answer 341

A

A line is marked along the ground and samples are taken at specified points

Answer 342

A

Genes present on the same chromosome

Answer 343

A

Non-polar macro-molecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Commonly known as fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp)

Answer 344

A

A long loop of nephron that creates a steep concentration gradient across the medulla

Answer 345

A

Chemical mixture containing phospholipids and both hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, which coats the surfaces of the alveoli and prevents them collapsing after every breath

Answer 346

A

Modified tissue fluid that is collected in the lymph system

Contains:

White blood cells = Most white blood cells, only enter tissue fluid when there’s an infection
Antibodies(only proteins) = Most plasma proteins are too big to get through capillary walls
Water = Both tissue fluid and lymph have a higher water potential than blood
Dissolved solutes (e.g salt) = move freely between blood, tissue fluid and lymph

Answer 347

A

White blood cells that make up the specific immune response

Answer 348

A

Specialised vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell e.g. phagocytosis

Answer 349

A

Large complex molecules with a large molecular weight

Answer 350

A

Disaacharaide composed of two glucose molecules linked by a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Answer 351

A

A transport system where substances are transported in a mass of fluid

Answer 352

A

mRNA after the removal of introns and any other post-transcriptional changes to the per-mRNA, e.g:

a tail (long chain of adenine nucleotides) added to the 3’ end
a cap (modified nucleotide) added to 5’ end - aids binding of mRNA to ribosomes

BOTH help to stabilise mRNA and delay degradation in cytoplasm

Answer 353

A

The lighter inner layer of the kidney made up of the loops of henle + part of collecting duct

Answer 354

A

Form of cell division where the nucleus divides twice (meiosis 1 and meiosis 2) resulting in a halving of the chromosome number and producing four haploid genetically different daughter cells from one diploid cell

Answer 355

A

A selectively permeable barrier surrounding all cells and forming compartments within eukaryotic cells.

Answer 356

A

Protein components of cell-surface membranes

extrinsic
intrinsic

Answer 357

A

Tissue found at regions of growth in plants. Contains stem cells.

Answer 358

A

Short strand of RNA produced by transcription from the DNA template strand. It has a base sequence complementary to the DNA from which it is transcribed, except it has uracil (U) in place of thymine)

Answer 359

A

Second stage of mitosis when chromosomes line up at the meta phase plate, spindle attaches to chromatids at centromere

Answer 360

A

The addition of methyl group

Answer 361

A

The process of making very large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent plant using tissue culture techniques. (plants)

Answer 362

A

Nuclear division stage in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle

Answer 363

A

Period of cell division of the cycle . Consists of the stages mitosis (PMAT) and cytokinesis

Answer 364

A

The stage in mitotic phase when the cytoplasm divides. to produce two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms to divide the cell membrane. Usually begins in anaphase and ends in telophase. Its a separate process to mitosis

Answer 365

A

DNA present within the matrix of mitochondria

Answer 366

A

The part of the mitochondria enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane which contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle and the link reaction.

Answer 367

A

Antibodies from a single clone of cells that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body

Answer 368

A

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area

- reducing the species biodiversity.

Answer 369

A

A characteristic inherited on a single gene

Answer 370

A

Individual molecules that make up a polymer

Answer 371

A

A single sugar molecule

Answer 372

A

Twins formed from a single fertilized egg

Answer 373

A

A mutated strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin

Answer 374

A

Membranous linings of body tracts that secrete a sticky mucus

Answer 375

A

A gene with more than two possible alleles e.g: blood type

Answer 376

A

A stem cell that can only differentiate into a range of cell types within a certain type of tissue

Answer 377

A

Chemical or physical agent which causes mutation

Answer 378

A

A change in the genetic material which may affect the phenotype of the organism

Answer 379

A

Membrane rich in lipid which surrounds the axon of some neurones, speeding up impulse transmission, produced by schwann cells.

Answer 380

A

Long cylindrical organelles found in muscle which are made of protein and specialised for contraction

Answer 381

A

Muscle which has its own intrinsic rhythm e.g. heart muscle

Answer 382

A

Short sequences of DNA that are repeated many times

Answer 383

A

A sequence of 20-50 base pairs, repeated from 50 to several hundred times. Occurs at more than 1000 locations in the genome. Known as Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)

Answer 384

A

A smaller region than VNTRs of just 2-4 base pairs that are repeated only 5-15 times. Always appear on the same positions on the chromosome and are known as Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Answer 385

A

A coenzyme found in all living cells involved in cellular respiration

Answer 386

A

A coenzyme which acts as a final electron acceptor in photosynthesis

Answer 387

A

Immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen

Answer 388

A

The immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and the colostrum

Answer 389

A

The process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on their characteristics to their offspring through their genes. Over time, the proportion of the population possessing the advantageous adaptations increases. Over generations this leads to evolution as the favourable adaptations become more common in the population.

Answer 390

A

Tubules that make up the main functional structures of the kidneys.

Answer 391

A

Specialised cell which transmits impulses in the form of action potentials.

Answer 392

A

Chemical involved in communication across a synapse between adjacent neurones or a neurone and muscle cell e.g. acetylcholine

Answer 393

A

Conversion of ammonium compounds into nitrites (nitrosomonas) and nitrates (nitrobacter) through oxidation

Answer 394

A

Enzyme used to convert acrylonitrile to acrylamide for use in the plastics industry

Answer 395

A

Conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium compounds by nitrogen fixing bacteria azotobacter (soil) and rhizobium (root nodules in leguminous plants - symbiotic mutualistic relationship)

Answer 396

A

An inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at an allosteric site

Answer 397

A

The synthesis of ATP and reduced NADP involving photosystems 1 and 2

Answer 398

A

An alternative sampling method to random sampling, where the sample is not chosen at random. It can be opportunistic, stratified or systematic.

Answer 399

A

A distribution of continuous data where the mean, median, and mode have the same value, there is symmetry around the mean with most data points being close to the mean and fewer data points further away from the mean. When plotted produces a bell-shaped or normal distribution curve.

Answer 400

A

Large polymers formed from nucleotides. Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, phosphorous, and oxygen. E.g: DNA + RNA

Answer 401

A

The monomers used to form nucleic acids. Made up of a pentose monosaccharaide, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Answer 402

A

Organisms that can only respire aerobically E.g. mammals

Answer 403

A

Organisms that cannot live in environments containing oxygen, mainly prokaryotes + some fungi

Answer 404

A

A circulatory system with a heat but few vessels to contain the transport medium, e.g. insects

Answer 405

A

The bony flap covering the gills of bony fish. Part of the mechanism that maintains a constant flow of water over the gas exchange surfaces

Answer 406

A

A group of genes that are under the control of the same regulatory mechanism and are expressed at the same time

Answer 407

A

Sampling using the organisms that are conveniently available. The weakest form of sampling as it may not be representative of the population.

Answer 408

A

Chemicals that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are recognized more easily by phagocytes, e.g.antibodies

Answer 409

A

Membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells.

Answer 410

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions in the liver converting ammonia formed by deamination of amino acids into urea.
2 Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + 3 ATP = Urea + Water + 3 ADP

Answer 411

A

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in the water potential of the blood

Answer 412

A

The balancing and control of the water potential of the blood

Answer 413

A

Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. A passive process

Answer 414

A

Breeding of distantly related organisms

Answer 415

A

The membrane that separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell, creating a cellular compartment with ideal conditions for aerobic respiration

Answer 416

A

Four carbon molecule present at the beginning of Krebs cycle that combines with acetyl coenzyme A to form citrate

Answer 417

A

Removal of electrons or hydrogen

Answer 418

A

Graph showing the relationship between oxygen and haemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen

Answer 419

A

Blood that has passed through the gas exchange organs e.g. lungs, and his high in oxygen

Answer 420

A

When a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people across a number of countries

Answer 421

A

Membrane that allows some substances to cross but not others

Answer 422

A

Transport that is a passive process (does not require energy) and does not use energy from cellular respiration

Answer 423

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

Bacteria e.g. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis + M.bovis, Bacterial Meningitis (Streptococcus pneumoniae), Ring rot in potatoes and tomatoes (Clavibacter michiganensis)
Virus e.g. HIV/AIDS (retrovirus), Influenza, Tobacco Mosaic virus
Protoctista e.g. Malaria (Plasmodium carried in female vector Anopheles mosquito), Potato/Tomato late blight (the oomycete - Phytophthora infestans)
Fungi e.g. Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), Ring worm, Athlete’s foot (Tinia pedia)

Answer 424

A

Fungus like protoctista

Answer 425

A

Pathogen that produces toxins that can damage cell membranes, inactivate enzymes and interfere with metabolism. E.g TB, Bacterial meningitis and ring rot

Answer 426

A

Pathogen that does not insert new DNA but digest cells, replicate inside cell and burst out. E.g. malaria, potato/tomato late blight

Answer 427

A

Pathogen that digests cells and destroys them E.g. black sigatoka, ring worm and athlete’s foot

Answer 428

A

Pathogen that inserts new DNA into cells, takes over its cell metabolism and replicate inside cell then burst out. E.g. tobacco mosaic virus, influenza, HIV/Aids

Answer 429

A

Organism that live on or in a host, harming it, it may cause disease but causes damage that allows a second infection, that also live part or all of their life in/on host.

Answer 430

A

The central chamber of the kidney where urine collects before passing out down the ureter

Answer 431

A

The first widely used, safe antibiotic, derived from a mould, Penicillium notatum

Answer 432

A

Enzymes used to make semi-synthetic penicillins from naturally produced penicillins.

Answer 433

A

A monosaccharide composed of five carbons

Answer 434

A

A bond formed between two amino acids

Answer 435

A

Chains of two or more amino acid molecules

Answer 436

A

Consists of all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body (motor and sensory)

Answer 437

A

Process by which white blood cells called phagocytes recognise non-self cells, engulf then digest them within a vesicle called a phagolysosome.

Answer 438

A

The vesicle in which a pathogen or damaged cell is engulfed by a phagocyte.

Answer 439

A

The use of genetically modified animals to produce pharmaceuticals

Answer 440

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

Answer 441

A

Plant transport tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis (assimilates) to all cells of the plant.

Answer 442

A

Covalent bonds formed between the phosophate group of one nucelotide and the hydroxyl (OH) group of another.

Answer 443

A

Arrangement of phospholipids found in cell membranes; the hydrophilic phosphate heads from both the inner and outer surface of a membrane, sandwiching the fatty acid tails to form a hydrophobic core.

Answer 444

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Answer 445

A

Modified triglycerides, where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group. 1 phosphate and two fatty acid chains

Answer 446

A

Synthesis of complex organic molecules using light

Answer 447

A

Protein complexes involved in the absorption of light and electron transfers in photosynthesis.

Answer 448

A

The growth response of plants to unilateral light

Answer 449

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms

Answer 450

A

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light

Answer 451

A

Endocytosis of liquid materials

Answer 452

A

The first organisms to colonise an area E.g. algae and lichen

Answer 453

A

Stage in succession where artificial (human) or natural factors prevent the natural climax community from forming

Answer 454

A

The main component of blood, a yellow fluid containing many dissolved substances (glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, hormones and large plasma proteins) and carrying blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Answer 455

A

B lymphocytes that produce about 2000 antibodies to a particular antigen every second and release them into the circulation.

Answer 456

A

All the cell surface membranes of cells, which have the same basic structure described by the fluid mosaic model.

Answer 457

A

A stem cell that can differentiate into any type of cell, but not form a whole organism

Answer 458

A

A process by which a sample of DNA can be amplified using specific enzymes and temperature changes

Denaturation - temp 95 degrees Celsius, breaks hydrogen bonds between adjacent nucleotides leaving template single strands of exposed bases
DNA primer annealing - temp decrease to 52 degrees Celsius, short sections of DNA (primers) anneal to end of DNA fragments
Synthesis of DNA - temp increases 72 degrees Celsius taq polymerase (type of thermophilic DNA polymerase) optimum temp, binds to primers and transcribe along fragments adding bases building up complementary strands of DNA

Answer 459

A

Long-chain molecules composed of linked (bonded) multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern.

Answer 460

A

A gene with more than two possible alleles

Answer 461

A

Chains of three or more amino acids

Answer 462

A

A polymer made up of many sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

Answer 463

A

The posterior part of the pituitary gland in the brain where ADH is stored ready for release into the blood

Answer 464

A

The capturing of prey in order to sustain life

Answer 465

A

Protection of an area by restricting or banning human use - so that the ecosystem is kept exactly as it is.

Answer 466

A

The relatively slow production of a small number of the correct antibodies the first time a pathogen is encountered

Answer 467

A

The mRNA transcribed from the DNA before any post-transcriptional regulation to remove introns etc.

Answer 468

A

Organism that converts light energy into chemical energy

Answer 469

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms from the kingdom Prokaryotae

Answer 470

A

Cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles]

Extremely small cells (less than 2 um diameter)
Circular DNA
No nucleus - DNA is free in cytoplasm
Cell wall made of a polysaccharide, but not cellulose or chitin
Few organelles and no membrane-bound organelles, e.g. no mitochondria
Flagella, if present, made of the protein flagellin, arranged in a helix
Small ribosomes (70s)

Answer 471

A

Larger cells (about 10-100 um diameter)
Linear DNA
Nucleus present - DNA is inside nucleus
No cell wall in animals, cellulose cell wall in plants, chitin cell wall in fungi
Many organelles present + membrane-bound e.g. mitochondria
Flagella, if present, made of microtubule proteins arranged in a ‘9 + 2’ formation
Larger ribosomes (80s)

Answer 472

A

First stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Answer 473

A

Non-protein component of a conjugated protein E.g. haem group in haemoglobin

Answer 474

A

Enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of proteins and peptides into amino acids

Answer 475

A

One or more polypeptides arranged as a complex macromolecule

Answer 476

A

The study and amino acid sequencing of an organisms entire protein complement

Answer 477

A

Biological kingdom containing unicellular eukaryotes

Answer 478

A

The first twisted section of the nephron after the Bowman’s capsule where many substances (glucose, amino acids, vitamins and some salts and some urea) are reabsorbed into the blood by active transport and facilitated diffusion

Answer 479

A

Big double-ringed, nitrogenous bases that form part of a nucleotide (Adenine and Guanine)

Answer 480

A

Tissue that conducts the wave of excitation to the apex of the heart

Answer 481

A

Smaller single-ringed, nitrogenous bases that form part of a nucleotide (Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine)

Answer 482

A

Three carbon product of glycolysis that feeds into Krebs cycle in the presence of oxygen

Answer 483

A

The association of two or more protein subunits

Answer 484

A

Sampling where each individual in the population has an equal likelihood of selection

Answer 485

A

Extrinsic glycoproteins that bind chemical signals, triggering a response by the cell

Answer 486

A

Version of a gene that will only be expressed if two copies of this allele are present in an organism

Answer 487

A

New combination of alleles/DNA from two sources

Answer 488

A

Chromatids with a combination of DNA from both homologous chromosomes, formed by crossing over and chiasmata in meiosis.

Answer 489

A

A measure of the amount of crossing over that has happened in meiosis it is the proportion of recombinant offspring resulting from a cross

Recombination frequency = number of recombinant offspring over total number of offspring

Answer 490

A

Saccharides (sugars) that donate electrons resulting in the reduction (gain of electrons) of another molecule

Answer 491

A

Cell division resulting in the production of haploid cells from a diploid cell; meiosis

Answer 492

A

Involuntary response to a sensory stimulus

knee-jerk
eye blinking

Answer 493

A

A gene that codes for proteins involved with DNA regulation

E.g. regulatory gene (lacI) in lac operon that codes for repressor protein

Answer 494

A

A process where the functions of the kidney are carried out artificially to maintain the salt and water balance of the blood

Answer 495

A

A change in potential difference from positive back to negative across the membrane of a neurone back to resting potential

Answer 496

A

Protein synthesised by regulatory genes that binds to operator affecting the rate of transcription

Answer 497

A

Breakdown of complex organic molecules linked to the synthesis of ATP

Answer 498

A

Ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen used in respiration

RQ = CO2 produced over O2

Answer 499

A

Organic molecules broken down in respiration

Answer 500

A

The volume of air that is left in the lungs after forced exhalation. It cannot be measured directly

Answer 501

A

The shortest distance between two objects that are still seen as separate objects. The ability to see individual objects as separate entities.

Answer 502

A

The way a body reacts to stimulus

Answer 503

A

The potential difference across a membrane of the axon of a neurone at rest, normally about -65mV to -70mV

Answer 504

A

Enzymes that chop a strand of DNA into small fragments

Answer 505

A

Variable groups on amino acids

Answer 506

A

Polynucleotide molecules involved in the copying and transfer of genetic information from DNA. The monomers are nucleotides consisting of a ribose sugar and one of four bases; uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine

Answer 507

A

The pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules

Answer 508

A

Form of RNA that makes up the ribosome

Answer 509

A

Five carbon molecule at the beginning of Calvin cycle

Answer 510

A

Key enzyme involved in the first step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis

Answer 511

A

Enzyme that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent RNA nucleotides

Answer 512

A

Cells found just behind the growing tip of a plant root that have long hair-like extensions that greatly increase the surface area available for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil

Answer 513

A

The active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells that produces a movement of water into the xylem by osmosis.

Answer 514

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by absorption - mainly of decaying material

Answer 515

A

Functional unit of myofibril

Answer 516

A

An electron microscope in which a beam of electrons is sent across the surface of a specimen and the reflected electrons are focused to produce a three-dimensional image of the specimen surface.

Answer 517

A

The relatively fast production of very large quantities of the correct antibodies the second time a pathogen is encountered as a result of immunological memory - the second stage of a specific immune response.

Answer 518

A

A store of genetic material from plants in the form of seeds

Answer 519

A

Factors that affect an organism’s chance of survival or reproductive success

Answer 520

A

Selection of individuals for breeding with desirable characteristics

Answer 521

A

The ability to interfere with the metabolism of a pathogen without affecting the cells of the host

Answer 522

A

The reabsorption of selected substances, i.e. those needed by the body, in the kidney tubules

Answer 523

A

Plasma membrane with protein channels that allow specific substances to cross only

Answer 524

A

DNA replication results in one old strand and one new strand present in each daughter DNA molecule

Answer 525

A

The strand of DNA that runs 5’ to 3’ and contains the genetic code for a protein

Answer 526

A

Specialised cell which detects a stimulus

Answer 527

A

The steps in succession

Answer 528

A

Genes carried on the sex chromosomes

Answer 529

A

Movement of actin and myosin filaments in relation to each other to cause contraction in muscles

Answer 530

A

Areas between the cells of the phloem where the walls become perforated giving many gaps and a sieve-like appearance that allows the phloem contents to flow through

Answer 531

A

The main cells of the phloem that have a greatly reduced living content and sieve plates between the cells

Answer 532

A

A measure of biodiversity between 0 and 1 that takes place into account both species richness and species evenness

Answer 533

A

The number of different species living in a particular area

Answer 534

A

A comparison of the numbers of individuals of each species living in a community

Answer 535

A

A circulatory system where the blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart. E.g: fish and annelid worms

Answer 536

A

Regions of a plant that require assimilates to supply their metabolic needs, e..g roots, fruits

Answer 537

A

Region of the heart that initiates a wave of excitation that triggers the contraction of the heart. The hearts natural pacemaker

Answer 538

A

Replacing a faulty gene with a healthy allele in affected somatic cells.

Answer 539

A

A method of producing a clone from an adult animal by transferring the nucleus from an adult cell to an enucleated egg cell and stimulating development.

Answer 540

A

Part of the nervous system that is under conscious control

myelinated
connections to effectors only exists of one neurone
cell bodies of the motor neurones are found in the CNS
includes all sensory neurones and motor neurones that carry information to the skeletal muscles

Answer 541

A

non-myelinated
connections to effectors always consists of at least two neurones (which connects at a swelling called a ganglion)
the cell bodies of motor neurones are found outside the CNS in the autonomic ganglia
includes all the motor neurones that communicate with internal organs
responsible for controlling most homeostatic processes
controls all the activity of smooth muscle e.g. walls of arterioles and gut
controls the heart rate
controls the activity of exocrine glands e.g. salivary

Answer 542

A

motor neurone to skeletal muscle

Answer 543

A

preganglionic neurone to autonomic ganglion (sympathetic) to motor neurone to smooth muscle inside organ

Answer 544

A

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes; the site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and storage.

Answer 545

A

Regions of a plant that produce assimilates e.g. glucose/sucrose by photosynthesis or from storage materials, e.g. leaves, storage organs

Answer 546

A

A specific type of correlation test that compares the ranked orders of two data sets in order to consider their relationships

Answer 547

A

Having particular structures to serve a specific function

Answer 548

A

The formation of new species

Allopatric (physical barrier making some members of a pop separated from the rest by a physical barrier making them geographically isolated)
Sympatric (same habitat)

Answer 549

A

The smallest and most specific taxonomic group

Answer 550

A

Also known as active immunity or acquired immunity - the immune system ‘remembers’ an antigen after an initial response to subsequent encounters

Answer 551

A

Small openings along the thorax and abdomen of an insect that open and close to control the amount of air moving in and out of the gas exchange system and the level of water loss from the exchange surfaces.

Answer 552

A

Natural selection that favours the average phenotype

Answer 553

A

A slide with a scale in micrometers (um) etched into it. Used to measure the size of a sample under a light microscope

Answer 554

A

Dyes used in microscopy sample preparation to increase contrast or identify specific components

Answer 555

A

A polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules either joined to form amylose or amylopectin

Answer 556

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to differentiate into a variety of the specialised cell types of the organism

Answer 557

A

Detectable change in external or internal environment of an organism

Answer 558

A

Pores in the surface of a leaf or stem that may be opened and closed by guard cells

Answer 559

A

Sampling where populations are divided into sub-groups (strata) based on a particular characteristic. A random sample is then taken from each of these strata proportional to its size.

Answer 560

A

Fluid interior of chloroplasts containing enzymes controlling the carbon fixation reactions.

Answer 561

A

Genes that code for structural proteins or enzymes not involved in DNA regulation

Answer 562

A

Statistical test used to compare the means of data values of two populations

Answer 563

A

A substance used, or acted on, by another process or substance. For example a reactant in an enzyme-catalysed reaction

Answer 564

A

A point mutation where one or more nucleotides are substituted for another in a DNA strand

Answer 565

A

Synthesis of ATP by transfer of phosphate group from another molecule
- The production of ATP involving the transfer of a phosphate group from a short-lived, highly reactive intermediate such as creatine phosphate

Answer 566

A

The progressive replacement of one dominant type of species or community by another in an ecosystem, until a stable climax community is established

Answer 567

A

A dissacharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharides

Answer 568

A

Build up of neurotransmitter in a synapse to sufficient levels to trigger an action potential

Answer 569

A

Economic development that meets the needs of people today, without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Answer 570

A

A renewable resource which is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out

Answer 571

A

Speciation that occurs when there is no physical barrier between populations so occurs in the same habitat

Answer 572

A

The continuous cytoplasm of living plant cells connected through the plasmodesmata

Answer 573

A

Movement of water and solutes through the cytoplasm of the cells via plasmodesmata by diffusion (passive)

Answer 574

A

The junction (small gap) between two neurones, or a neurone and an effector. Consists of a synaptic bulb, synaptic cleft and post synaptic neurone. Important for:

unidirectional
removing low level summation
nerve networks
learning and memory

Answer 575

A

The design and construction of novel biological pathways, organisms or devices, or the redesign of existing natural biological systems

Answer 576

A

Different areas of a habitat are identified and sampled separately. Often carried out using a line or belt transect

Answer 577

A

The stage of the cardiac cycle in which the atria contract, followed by the ventricles, forcing blood out of the right side of the heart to the lungs and the left side of the heart to the body

Answer 578

A

T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on their cell-surface membranes, which bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and produce interleukins, a type of cytokine

Answer 579

A

T lymphocytes that destroy pathogens carrying a specific antigen with perforin

Answer 580

A

Lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland and that both stimulate the B lymphocytes and directly kill pathogens

Answer 581

A

T lymphocytes that live a long time and are part of the immunological memory

Answer 582

A

T lymphocytes that suppress and control the immune system, stopping the response once a pathogen has been destroyed and preventing an autoimmune response.

Answer 583

A

An abnormally fast heart rhythm of over 100 beats per minute at rest

Answer 584

A

Bitter tasting chemicals produced to prevent animals eating plant leaves; toxic to many insects

Answer 585

A

Specific cells which hormones act on

Answer 586

A

The hierarchical groups of classification - domain, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Answer 587

A

Fourth stage of mitosis when chromosomes assemble at the poles and the nuclear envelope reforms

Answer 588

A

A measure of how much the rate of a reaction increases with a 10 degrees Celsius temperature increase

Answer 589

A

The antisense strand of DNA that acts as template during transcription so that the complementary RNA strand formed carries the same code for a protein as the DNA sense strand

Answer 590

A

Chemicals found in plant leaves that may act as toxins to insects or fungi attacking the leaves. Compound forms essential oils that can be insect repellents.

Answer 591

A

Chemical that allows plants to communicate

Answer 592

A

Compounds that attracts predators (insects) for protection

Answer 593

A

Further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups

hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulfide bridges
hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

Answer 594

A

A cross used to determine genotype, involving a backcross with a homozygous recessive parent

Answer 595

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant core temperature

Answer 596

A

A technique for separating different pigments through the rate at which they move across an inert surface carried by a solvent.

Answer 597

A

Series of membranous compartments in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll and molecules needed for light-dependent reaction.

Answer 598

A

The volume of air which moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath

Answer 599

A

A collection of differentiated cells that have a specialised function or functions in an organism

Answer 600

A

The solution surrounding the cells of multicellular animals

Answer 601

A

Applying biological organisms or enzymes to the synthesis, breakdown or transformation of materials in the service of people e.g. food, DNA manipulation and drugs

Answer 602

A

Membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell

Answer 603

A

The sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume

Answer 604

A

A stem cell that can differentiate into any type of cell and form a whole organism

Answer 605

A

The main airway, supported by incomplete rings of cartilage, which carries warm moist air down from the nasal cavity into the chest

Answer 606

A

Fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in insects that helps control the surface area available for gas exchange and water loss

Answer 607

A

The process of copying sections of DNA base sequence to produce smaller molecules of mRNA, which can be transported out of the nucleus via the nuclear pores to the site of protein synthesis

Answer 608

A

Proteins that bind to DNA to switch genes on or off by affecting the rate of transcription (increase - activators or decrease - repressors)

Answer 609

A

Form of RNA that carries an amino acid specific to its anticodon to the correct position along mRNA during translation

Answer 610

A

The process by which the complementary code carried by mRNA is decoded by tRNA into a sequence of amino acids. This occurs at a ribosome

Answer 611

A

The movement of organic solutes around a plant in the phloem

Answer 612

A

An electron microscope in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen and focused to produce an image

Answer 613

A

The loss of water vapour from the stems and leaves of a plant as a result of evaporation from cell surfaces inside the leaf and diffusion down a concentration gradient out through the stomata

Answer 614

A

The movement of water through a plant from the roots until it is lost by evaporation from the leaves

Answer 615

A

The system that transports required substances around the body of an organism

Answer 616

A

A lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

Answer 617

A

A molecule that is an intermediate in both photosynthesis and respiration and acts as a starting material for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids

Answer 618

A

The genetic code is a sequence of three nucleic acid bases, called a codon. Each codon codes for one amino acid.

Answer 619

A

Stage in a food chain

Answer 620

A

A growth response by a plant in response to a unidirectional stimulus

phototropism
geotropism
tropisms as response to environmental cues

Answer 621

A

The pressure excreted by the cell-surface membrane against the cell wall in a plant cell

Answer 622

A

The process by which blood plasma is filtered through the walls of the Bowman’s capsule under pressure

Answer 623

A

The ultrastructure of a cell is those features which can be seen by using an electron microscope

microtubule network
vesicles
nucleolus
nucleus
golgi apparatus
cell-surface membrane
cytosol
ribosome
centriole
RER
SER
cytoskeleton
secretory vesicles
mitochondria

Answer 624

A

An unspecialised cell originating from mitosis or meiosis

Answer 625

A

Nitrogenous waste produced from the deamination of excess amino acids in the liver and ornithine cycle

Answer 626

A

Tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Answer 627

A

Tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 628

A

A safe form of an antigen, which is injected into the bloodstream to provide artificial active immunity against a pathogen bearing the antigen

Answer 629

A

Membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell

Answer 630

A

The vascular system of herbaceous dicots, made up of xylem and phloem tissue + cortex

Answer 631

A

A system of transport vessels in animals or plants

Answer 632

A

A living or non-living factor that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another e.g. female malaria mosquito

Answer 633

A

A means of inserting DNA from one organisms into the cells of another organism

Answer 634

A

The artificial production of natural clones for use in horticulture and agriculture

Answer 635

A

The total volume of air inhaled in one minute. Ventilation rate = tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)

Answer 636

A

Volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath

Answer 637

A

Maximum initial velocity or rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

Answer 638

A

Measure of the quantity of water compared to solutes, measured as the pressure created by the water molecules in kilopascals (kPa)

Answer 639

A

The allele that codes for the most common phenotype in a natural population

Answer 640

A

Plants with adaptations that enable them to survive in dry habitats or habitats where water is in short supplying the environment E.g. marram grass, cacti

thick waxy cuticle
sunken stomata located in pits = reduced air movement + produces humid climate reducing transpiration
reduced numbers of stomata
reduced leaves
thin needles reduce SA
hairy leaves create humid microclimate
curled leaves confines stomata in microenvironment of still, humid air
leaf loss
mass of widespread deep roots

Answer 641

A

Plant transport tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant as a result of physical forces

Answer 642

A

The initial diploid cell formed when two gametes are joined by means of sexual reproduction. Earliest stage of embryonic development

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