key terms from Chapter 14: The Heart; Chapter 15: Blood flow and control of blood pressure; Chapter 16: Blood

Question 1

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

superior/inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> system circulation

Question 2

System circulation

Answer 2

left atrium -> mitral valve /AV valve /bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> body

Question 3

Role of Pressure within Heart

Answer 3

pressure builds up in right and left atria until it exceeds pressure in ventricles. This forces tricuspid or mitral valves to open allowing blood to flow into ventricles. Once ventricular filling is complete, ventricles contract until pressure exceeds the pressure inside the pulmonary trunk and aorta and their respective semilunar valves open allowing blood to flow in (higher pressure is required to open aortic semilunar valve).

Question 4

Resistance

Answer 4

needed to create sufficient pressure to push blood through systemic and pulmonary circulations

Question 5

Flow

Answer 5

Pathway of blood through heart determined by SA node

Question 6

Pacemaker

Answer 6

SA node is the pacemaker that determines heart rate that sends signals to AV node which sends signals down through the AV bundle of His where it separates into left and right bundle branches to activate the purkinje fibers to contract the ventricle muscles to push blood through semilunar valves.

Question 6

Autorhythmic

Answer 6

regular depolarization of SA node to fire APs down to AV node, through AV bundle of His, down left and right bundle branches, to activate purkinje fibers that will fire the action potentials needed to contract the ventricles.

Question 6

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 6

CO=HR*SV
amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

Question 7

Heart Wall Anatomy
Pericardium (1. outer, 2. outer mid, 3. inner mid, 4. innermost)
Myocardium
Endocardium

Answer 7

Pericardium anchors and protects heart
1. epicardial pericardium
2. parietal layer of serious pericardium
3. pericardial cavity
4. visceral layer of serious pericardium

Myocardium: heart muscle made of collagen and elastic fibers responsible of providing structural support

Endocardium: smooth inner lining trabeculae carenae

Question 7

Difference between Artery and Vein

Answer 7

Artery carries blood away from heart whereas Vein carries blood back to heart

Question 7

Capillary

Answer 7

Place of exchange of nutrience

Question 7

Blood Pressure

Answer 7

Pressure exerted by blood on walls of a vessel

Question 8

Hyperemia

Answer 8

when blood flow adjusts to support different tissues throughout the body

Question 8

Vasoconstriction

Answer 8

tightening of blood vessels caused by sympathetic nervous system innervating vascular smooth muscle to contract. Result of cold weather or injury.

Question 9

Vasodilation

Answer 9

Widening of blood vessels caused by sympathetic nervous system innervating blood vascular smooth muscles to relax. Results from heat.

Question 9

Baroreceptor

Answer 9

changes in pressure within blood vessels

Question 10

Chemoreceptor

Answer 10

monitor concentration of chemicals in the blood

Question 11

Erythrocyte

Answer 11

disk shaped cells with no organelles carry around O2 and CO2 to different parts of body. 33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin

Question 12

Leukocyte

Question 13

Hematocrit

Answer 13

Percentage of blood occupied by cells

Question 14

Hematopoiesis

Answer 14

Blood Cell production

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

4 protein chains called globins (2 alpha and 2 beta). Contains heme group which binds oxygen to ferrous ion (Fe2+)Hemoglobin molecule can carry four O2 and also carries CO2 waste from tissue to lungs for release

Question 16

Antigen

Question 16

Leukemia

Question 17

Hemostasis

Question 18

Anticoagulants

Question 19

Hemophilia