Key Terms & Events

Question 1

A certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church. The certificate stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled altogether.

Answer 1

Indulgence

Question 2

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned this group for advocating the complete separation of church and state.

Answer 2

Anabaptists

Question 3

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin and were frequently persecuted by French kings.

Answer 3

Huguenots

Question 4

The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World.

Answer 4

Columbian Exchange

Question 5

A system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power. These monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints.

Answer 5

Absolutism

Question 6

The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God.

Answer 6

Divine Right of Kings

Question 7

The use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature. These patterns or natural laws can be described with mathematical formulas.

Answer 7

Scientific Method

Question 8

18th century writers who were dedicated to exposing social problems and proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws. They stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system.

Answer 8

Philosophes

Question 9

Phrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self-regulating nature of a free marketplace.

Answer 9

Invisible Hand