Key Terms: Europe in Transition, 1450-1650

Question 1

Humanism

Answer 1

Scholarly interest of Greek and Roman texts, values, and styles. Promoted by Humanism.

Question 2

Christian Humanism

Answer 2

Branch of humanism in northern Europe. Sought to give humanism specifically Christian content. Desiderius Erasmus: religious piety and institutional reform.

Question 3

Vernacular

Answer 3

Everyday language of a region or country. Encouraged by Martin Luther, Dante, Geoffrey Chaucer, and Miguel de Cervantes.

Question 4

New Monarchs

Answer 4

Created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. Negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.

Question 5

Taille

Answer 5

Direct tax on French peasantry. One of the most important sources of income for French monarchs until the Revolution.

Question 6

Reconquista

Answer 6

Centuries-long Christian “reconquest” of Spain from Muslims. Culminated in 1492 with the conquest of the last Muslim stronghold, Granada.

Question 7

Indulgence

Answer 7

Certificate granted by the pope for payment of a fee to church. Stated that the soul of the dead relative/friend of purchaser would have time in purgatory reduced or cancelled.

Question 8

Anabaptist

Answer 8

Protestants who insisted only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Condemned by Protestant and Catholic leaders for advocating the complete separation of church and state.

Question 9

Predestination

Answer 9

Doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has always known who will be saved or damned.

Question 10

Huguenots

Answer 10

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin.

Question 11

Politiques

Answer 11

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs.

Question 12

Columbian Exchange

Answer 12

The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and New World.

Question 13

Mercantilism

Answer 13

Economic philosophy for close government regulation of economy. Emphasized building a self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports. Supported the acquisition of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. Enables a country to accumulate gold and silver.

Question 14

Putting-Out System

Answer 14

Pre-industrial manufacturing system where an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their homes.

Question 15

Joint-Stock Company

Answer 15

Business arrangement where inventors raise money for a venture too large or them to undertake alone. They share the profits in proportion to invested amount. Used by English entrepreneurs to finance the establishment of New World countries.