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AICP Prep > Key Terms + Concepts Simplified > Flashcards

Key Terms + Concepts Simplified Flashcards

1
Q

Concentric Circle Theory of Urban Development

A

Ernest Burgess
1925
Avocado pit / CBD
Low —> high income housing moving outwards

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2
Q

Sector Theory of Urban Development

A

Homer Hoyt
1939
Sectors radiating out, high end residential focus

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3
Q

Multiple Nuclei Theory of Urban Development

A

Harris and Ullman
1945
absolute chaos based on accessibility to natural resources, repel from industrial uses

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4
Q

Central Place Theory of Urban Development

A

Walter Christaller
1933
Minimum market threshold and max people willing to travel, eg nail salons on every block, grocery store every 10 blocks

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5
Q

First Amendment of the Constitution

A

Freedom of speech, religion, association

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6
Q

Fifth Amendment of the Constitution

A

Just compensation for takings

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7
Q

Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution

A

Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection

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8
Q

Which amendments does the taking of property without just compensation violate?

A

Fifth and fourteenth

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9
Q

Tenth Amendment of the Constitution

A

police power; health, safety, and welfare

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10
Q

7 Theories of Planning Practice

A

Rational – goal, alternatives, implement, evaluate

Incremental – “planning in the real world is not rational and comprehensive, but is instead disjointed and incremental”

Mixed Scanning – compromise between rational and incremental planning theories; policy: rational, implementation: incremental

Advocacy – represent the interests of groups within a community as opposed to “good of the whole”, 1960s

Transactive – more public involvement, mutual learning, 1970s

Radical – taking power away from the government and giving it to the people, citizen planning, 1980s

Communicative – use a rational model as a basis for bringing mutual understanding among all stakeholders, current predominant model

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11
Q

US Census - projections for older adults?

A

more than double in size from 2005 through 2050

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12
Q

Census Tract

A

Census tract typically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people.
It is the smallest area where all information is released.

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13
Q

Census Block

A

Census block is the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically
400 housing units per block.

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14
Q

Census Block Group

A

A group of Census Blocks. They generally contain 600-3,000 people, and are used to present data and control block numbering.

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15
Q

US Census - fastest growing states?

A

Nevada (35%), Arizona (25%), and Utah (24%)

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16
Q

US Census - current estimate of population in urban areas?

A

81%

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17
Q

Comprehensive planning - carrying capacity big name

A

Ian McHarg

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18
Q

1909

A

The first national conference on city planning was held in Washington, DC in 1909

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19
Q

What made the 1954 Housing Act especially significant for urban planning?

A

The Housing Act of 1954 created section 701 comprehensive planning program – federal planning assistance to local governments, which was a significant boost to local area planning.

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20
Q

This author wrote about the importance of nodes and paths in creating quality urban experiences.

A

Kevin Lynch wrote The Image of the City, describing how people actually experience the city through paths and nodes.

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21
Q

What approach was Lawrence Haworth known for?

A

Lawrence Haworth wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.

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22
Q

Which industry classification system replaced the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC)?

A

the North American Industry Classification System. NAICS was developed jointly by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico in 2002.

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23
Q

1928

A

In 1928 the U.S. Department of Commerce passed the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.

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24
Q

Which Supreme Court Case first upheld a community’s use of zoning?

A

Ambler Realty vs Village of Euclid, Ohio

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25
Q

Message Pyramid

A

Key Message on top, a First Proof layer in the middle, and a Second Proof layer at the bottom.

First proof is factual statement; second proof is amplification like statistic

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26
Q

Bridging

A

a technique that planners can use to reframe controversial issues, responding to opponents while also recasting how the issue is viewed. The trick is to use transitional phrases to stay on message when asked a question that could take you off topic.

“People have said that, but the key thing to remember is…”

“That is a problem, but what we see as a bigger issue is…”

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27
Q

Design Charrette

A

an intensive collaborative effort - often multi day - that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area – good for quick consensus building

starts generally with appointing stakeholders, pre-work getting a varied group of participants

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28
Q

Delphi Method

A

A panel of selected, informed citizens and stakeholders are asked to complete a series of questionnaires. After each round of questioning, feedback on the responses is presented to the group anonymously. Participants are encouraged to revise their answers based on the replies heard. Over time, the range of answers decreases and the group converges towards a single solution.

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29
Q

Nominal Group Technique

A

a group process where everyone gives input / solutions, all participants rank and discuss, rank again if needed - top ranked is chosen

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30
Q

visual preference survey

A

Citizens are asked to view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures depicting houses, sites, building styles, streetscapes, etc. Aggregated scores can be used to determine resident preferences.

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31
Q

brainstorming

A

an informal approach to gathering input in the initial stages of a project, or in trying to determine goals

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32
Q

planning cell

A

a randomly-selected group of participants who collaborate on developing solutions to a given issue

33
Q

four essential parts of a comprehensive plan

A

1 - sustainability, resilience, equity
2 - systems thinking
3 - authentic participation
4 - accountable implementation

34
Q

first step of developing a comprehensive plan

A

scoping

35
Q

scope creep

A

incremental expansion of a project that can negatively affect the outcome

36
Q

generally the second step in developing a comprehensive plan - involves describing the region, uniqueness, and expressing potential for the future –> helps answer the question “where do we want to go?”

A

visioning

37
Q

comprehensive plan development primary driving questions

A

phase 1: what are we now and where are we headed?
phase 2: where do we want to go?
phase 3: how do we get there?

38
Q

home rule state

A

state allows cities and municipalities have powers and can pass laws to govern themselves as they see fit –> does not mean always and only home rule

39
Q

Dillon’s rule

A

cities and municipalities only have power granted by the state

40
Q

commission form of local government

A

commissions have specific oversight of functions, example: Portland, OR

41
Q

preemption

A

a higher level of government supersedes the authority of lower levels of government

42
Q

multi-variate analysis

A

main idea: causality is complex; sometimes the correlation of two variables is driven by a third variable –> must look at interactions between variables

43
Q

alternative dispute resolution (adr) types

A

1 - negotiation: informal, only parties
2 - mediation: overseen by neutral third party
3 - facilitation: often organized around completing a common goal
4 - arbitration: formal and legally binding

goal of all: avoid court

44
Q

what level of government determines the location of cellular phone towers?

A

local government

45
Q

is a special district a form of government?

A

yes, a special district is an independent unit of local government created by referendum for a specific area, have power to incur debt and levy taxes
ex: school district, fire district

46
Q

what power do regional agencies have?

A

very little - can review plans, that’s basically it

47
Q

Euclidean Zoning

A

It places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses, and virtually none on industrial uses. named for Euclid, OH

48
Q

Cumulative Zoning

A

each successive zoning district allows all the uses from the previous zones:
single-family district –> multi family district –> commercial district –> industrial district

49
Q

Modified Cumulative Zoning

A

in this type of zoning, districts are typically cumulative by type of land use.
ex: multi family residential allows single and multi family, but not industrial

50
Q

Planned Unit Development (PUDs)

A

a unique zoning tool that can offer an alternative to strict zoning regulations; typically used for large developments that include a mix of uses. A PUD applies a different set of controls to a tract of land than standard land use zoning. The entire development site plan is reviewed by the governing body.

51
Q

amortization

A

Amortization sets a definite period of time within which the use must come into compliance with the zoning ordinance
common ex: signs

52
Q

typical things to review on a PUD

A

abutters, street size, proposed building uses, location and capacity of infrastructure, landscaping and pedestrian ways, open space, signage

53
Q

overlay zoning

A

An overlay district or zone is a set of additional restrictions placed over the top of an existing zone. Two common overlays are for airports and historic preservation.

54
Q

variance

A

A variance is a change in the terms of the zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship. There are two types of variances: a use variance and an area variance.

55
Q

what requirements must properties meet for the community to issue a variance?

A

There is a unique physical or economic hardship;
The variance will not result in a reduction in property values;
The property owner did not cause the need for the variance;
The variance is not contrary to the spirit of the zoning ordinance.

56
Q

what four priorities should an evaluative framework consider?

A

utility; feasibility; propriety; accuracy

57
Q

What are the three dimensions of form-based code?

A

Building form standards and public space standards mapped to a regulating plan —> form-based code is regulatory and prioritizes form over land use

58
Q

Transect-based code

A

A type of form-based code that applies code to a “line” from urban to rural

59
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis

A

also known as cost-revenue analysis, is used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government

60
Q

Neighborhood Unit Concept

A

1929 - Clarence Perry – the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center.

61
Q

Who created the National Park Service?

A

Woodrow Wilson 1916

62
Q

Planner associated with New Urbanism?

A

Peter Calthorpe

63
Q

Peak Oil

A

Peak oil is a situation where the petroleum output is at its maximum with a continued increase in demand

64
Q

purpose of origin-destination studies in transportation planning

A

Origin-Destination studies are conducted to understand the pattern of the movement of persons and goods in a particular geographic area

65
Q

sampling frame

A

the population of interest in statistics

66
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement one wants to reject

67
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

a statement one wants to find support for so that we can reject the null hypothesis (never “accept the alternative” always “reject the null”)

68
Q

what is a type I error in statistics?

A

type I error is probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct

69
Q

What are the four characteristics of geographic information that are affected by projections, and what are the corresponding projections?

A

shape (conformal)
area (equal area)
distance (equidistant)
direction (true direction)

70
Q

three steps in the statistical process

A

(1) collect data (e.g., surveys);
(2) describe and summarize the distribution of the values in the data set; and
(3) interpret by means of inferential statistics and statistical modeling (i.e., draw general conclusions for the population on the basis of the sample).

71
Q

3 key types of measurements in statistics

A

nominal (categories)
ordinal (ordered/ranked)
interval (ordered relationship where the difference between the scales has a meaningful interpretation - eg temperature)

72
Q

the difference between the largest and the smallest value in a dataset

A

range

73
Q

average value in a data set

A

mean

74
Q

midpoint in a dataset

A

medial

75
Q

most frequent value in a dataset

A

mode

76
Q
A
77
Q

Acre

A

43,560 square feet

78
Q

1 square mile

A

640 acres

79
Q

Hectare

A

100 square meters or 2.47 acres

AICP Prep (1 decks)

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