Key Terms And Movements Flashcards
Ecumenism: 20th century as ecumenical century
Church unity across denominations; “worldwide”
Precursors
- restorationist movement 19th century USA
- voluntary societies to address social concerns
- evangelical alliance in England (1846): churches cooperate to do charity
- ymca and ywca: interdenominational agencies for Christian work among young adults
- Missions/Missionary Conference in Edinburgh 1910
- missionaries need to work together
- Christian student volunteer movement, John Mott: organized postwar reconstruction work (Nobel prize) - Life and work movement
- Nathan Soderblom: Nobel prize
- life and work conference 1925 helped Christians understand each other after wwi - Faith and order
- talked about differences in systematic way
- bishop William reed Huntington: Anglican unity
- Lambeth quadrilateral: 4 principles for church union
- Charles h. Brent: world conference on faith and order to document areas of agreement and difference
World Council of Churches: unity, mission, and service in the world
(Racism, injustice, war, human rights)
- Union of Faith/order and life/work
Others
- unions and reunions
- bilateral dialogues like international Lutheran/Catholic dialogue
- Christian Churches Together (USA): many church leaders come together for common witness
Opposition
- ecumenical winter
- lack of grassroots enthusiasm
- conservatives see it as too political not religious
- denominational caution
- declining resources, not top priority when things are tight
Clapham Sect
Evangelical Anglicans devoted to social reform
William Wilberforce was one
William Carey
Baptist
Father of Modern missions
Worked in India
- history of missions
- analysis of nations where Christianity not established
- bible translation into Sanskrit, Bengali
- mission strategy for cross cultural context
Low Church Anglicans
Dominant party in mid-18th century
Evangelical: influenced by Wesley, social reforms
- not concerned about hierarchy and church order
- not concerned about liturgical forms but used book of common prayer
- leaned toward Protestant pole theologically
- cooperative with evangelicals outside Anglican Church
Oxford movement
High church movement of early 19th century in Anglican Church
- liturgical
- strong ecclesiology: episcopal, tradition, church as body of Christ, sacraments
- socially politically conservative, supported monarchy
- Catholic leaning
- opposite low church Anglicans
- Tractarian: published 90 tracts on apostolic succession, church year, length of church service, ecclesiology
- provoked debate about what church was going to be (identity, meaning)
- middle way between RC (abuses) and Protestantism (theological bankruptcy)
Main figures:
- Richard Hurrell Froude
- John Henry Newman
- John Keble
Made way for Anglo-Catholic movement
Then development of broad church party
- both high and low church parties concerned with social reform
Romanticism
Early 19th century movement in art, literature, music
- reaction to industrial revolution
- longing for ideal time of past, nostalgia for good ole days
- desire to reinvigorate past fed into Oxford Movement
Richard Hurrell Froude
1803-1836
- infuse new spirit in church
- spiritual effort to get rid of self
- fasting, clerical celibacy, reverence for saints
John Henry Newman
Evangelical convert
Came to see Evangelicalism as Trojan horse
- emphasis on religious feeling, doctrine of justification by faith = undogmatic, charismatic, individualistic that ignored church’s role in transmission of revealed church
- struggled with Evangelicalism though ordained as Anglican Evangelical
- later became Catholic Cardinal
Theology:
Essay on Development of Doctrine
- Holy Spirit is always leading church into deeper understandings
- practices and doctrines develop from prayerful Scripture study led by Holy Spirit
- 7 notes to evaluate these new developments
John Keble
1792-1866
Poet: the Christian mirror
- in sync with Romantic mood of the time
Sermon: National Apostasy - started Oxford movement
- denounced England for turning away from God
- for regarding Church as institution rather than voice of God
- in response to giving rights to dissenters and RC who could now make decisions about the church
Evangelicals outside of Anglican Church in 19th century
- William Booth & Salvation Army
- soup, soap, salvation; Methodist street preacher - John Nelson Darby & Plymouth Brethren (dispensationalism)
- priesthood of all believers
- dispensations, eschatology, influenced 20th century fundamentalists - Dwight L. Moody (American) & revivals/crusades that grew Evangelicalism in England
- with Darby and Spurgeon
Broad church movement
End of 19th century England
- high and low church parties concerned with social reform
- strength of Church of England lay in ability to comprehend both poles
- encourage diversity of practice and belief, coexist
(Both Evangelical and Anglo-Catholic movements)
French Revolution
France = Catholic
Protestants outlawed –> Louis XVI granted Protestants tolerance in 1787
1789 Revolution
- church seen as supporter of status quo
- Civil Constitution of Clergy 1790: reject pope’s authority, reorganize church and estates general
- Pope rejected Civil Constitution
- now: old system (pope) vs. new system (French church)
Reign of Terror
- oppose Christianity in power
- cult of Reason
- execute 1000s of clergy
- French kidnap pope
Napoleon 1799
- re-establish French church for own gain with own bishops, independent from pope, Concordat of 1801
1814 new constitution after Napoleon
- Catholic Church no longer state church but still dominant religion
- Ultramontanes became royalists while liberal Catholics focused on education
Felicite de Lamennais
- priest who aligned with revolution/liberty; baptized revolution
- hoped pope would embrace ideals of revolution
- not a royalist, reject divine right of kings, separate church and state
19th century Germany
Germany still not a unified nation yet
- early nationalism stirring
Prussian Union: forced by Wilhelm III between Lutheran and Reformed
- Old Lutherans resisted, emigrated
- Union church with common governance but freedom in worship matters for congregations
- brought up debates about liturgy, doctrine, confessionalism
- independent church established after Wilhelm’s death
Scandinavian awakening 19th century
Denmark: Grundvig
Norway: Hauge - Pietistic, attacked coldness of state church, anticlerical
Netherlands: high Calvinism thought state church had strayed from orthodoxy, De Cock and Kuyper lead to Christian Reformed Church
19th century Catholicism
*Retreating Inward, Time of upheaval, deal with Romantic movement, adapt to new European political system
Reacted to 1848 spring of nations/French Revolution with suspicion of modernism and progressive values and sought to protect the church’s authority with increased centralization
- but lost political authority over Papal States to Italy 1861-1871
Some reactions by Pio Nono (Pius IX):
- dogma of immaculate conception 1854
- syllabus of errors 1864 - against liberalism
- Vatican Council I 1870 - papal infallibility ex cathedra
Leo XIII 1878-1903
- rerum novarum: labor rights
- continued citadel mentality of Pius IX
- open to modern development but not liberal
