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SOC 120 -- Marriage and Family > Key Terms and Concepts from Lecture > Flashcards

Key Terms and Concepts from Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Intersectionality

A

race, class, gender
most of us are privileged in some categories and marginalized in others

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2
Q

Sex

A

biological features that distinguish female and male
intersex = exception

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3
Q

Gender

A

social overlay of sex differences
more visible than sex

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4
Q

Gender Identity

A

Internal

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5
Q

Gender expression

A

external – how we present ourselves

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6
Q

Biosocial perspective

A

evidence – prenatal hormones influence gender identity and gendered behaviors via brain development
interaction between “nature” and “nurture”
parents interact differently with male and female infants

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7
Q

Social constructivist persepctive

A

see gender as a “social construct”
– people believe in gender and act in accordance with those beliefs

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8
Q

Gender socialization

A

learn gender norms at a very young age

parents: behaviors that are encouraged/discouraged, gender-appropriate behaviors/dress

peers: social sanctions for “deviant” practices

media/popular culture: toys, movies, TV, books

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9
Q

The second shift

A

labor performed at home

typically by women

in addition to paid work performed in the formal sector

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10
Q

Time availability

A

More hours = less time to do housework

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11
Q

Relative resources

A

Who makes more $$ = less household chores

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12
Q

Doing gender

A

gender difference is maintained via interaction

something we perform rather than what we are (housework)

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13
Q

Egalitarian ideal

A

Equality and equal treatment

Paid work factors and unpaid work factors that keep couples from enacting their egalitarian ideals
– gender wage gap, occupational segregation, motherhood penalty, fatherhood premium, gendered division of labor (unpaid work factors)

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14
Q

Self-reliant

A

Women can take of themselves

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15
Q

Neo-traditional

A

Men prioritize their career despite the woman working

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16
Q

Gender wage gap

A

Narrowed but remains substantial

occupational segregation and discrimination contribute to this

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17
Q

Occupational segregation

A

men and women go into different jobs

women have gone into male-dominated fields but rare for men to do the same

men’s jobs pay more

primary driver of wage gap

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18
Q

Motherhood penalty

A

Example of discrimination

mothers make less than comparable non-mothers

reduced human capital
– working part-time

lower work effort
– less productive because devote more energy to kids

discrimination
– employers assume others are less committed

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19
Q

Fatherhood premium

A

Fathers make more than comparable non-fathers

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20
Q

Cognitive labor

A

mental labor

anticipate, identify, decide, monitor

focus on time and activity leads to underestimates of gender gaps in unpaid work

interruptions and multi-tasking

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21
Q

Race

A

visible features, phenotype

racial categorization depends on where societies draw “boundary” lines

definition has changed over time

22
Q

Ethnicity

A

refers to common cultural identification – language, religion, traditions

23
Q

Endogamy

A

marriage and reproduction within the same group

key to maintaining racial boundaries over time

correlated with inequalities among families

24
Q

majority-minority

A

majority – white

minority – Black, Latino, Asian families

25
Q

Deindustrialization

A

shapes class and gender

men of color and working class

26
Q

Familism

A

stronger emphasis on family obligations than individual needs

27
Q

Intermarriage

A

Rates are increasing

3% to 17%

More common among Asian and Hispanic families than Black and white people

28
Q

“New” immigration

A

Most legal immigration is family-related

change in the national origins of immigrants
– pre-1970: mostly European
– post-1970: Latin American and Asian

29
Q

Acculturation

A

Acquiring the culture and language of the destination country

what immigrants themselves do

30
Q

Assimilation

A

Gradual reduction of distance between immigrants and host society

society sees them as more American

Feel more American

31
Q

Generation (immigrant)

A

where an immigrant sits relative to family’s original migration
– first generation, 1.5 generation

32
Q

The paradox of assimilation

A

first-gen immigrants are heathier than U.S born residents of the same ethnicity

acculturated youth tends to do better than native-born peers on many measures

over time effects fade and immigrant youth “catch up” to their American-born peers

33
Q

Social class

A

group of individuals who share a similar economic position

combo. of income, wealth, education, occupation

34
Q

Six American classes

A

Upper-class
Upper-middle-class
Middle-class
Working-class
Working poor
Underclass

35
Q

Ascribed vs. Achieved characteristics

A

Ascribed characteristics: we have no control over

Achieved characteristics: those we accomplish through our efforts and abilities

36
Q

Upward mobility

A

tends to be modest

less common

37
Q

Social and cultural capital

A

Social capital: resources that that come via relationships and interpersonal connections

Cultural capital: resources that come via knowledge of dominant insitutions – school
– how you can support your kids

38
Q

Why does social and cultural capital matter?

A

parent’s ability to access programs and institutions that facilitate children’s development

39
Q

Sexual preferences

A

attraction, desire, and arousal

40
Q

Sexual behavior

A

How preferences and opportunities translate into sexual acts

41
Q

Sexual identity

A

The classification of people based on their sexual preferences and behaviors

labels and social construction

42
Q

Dramatize teen sex (American approach)

A

growing acceptance of premarital sex (not teen sex)

focus on abstinence and fear-mongering

teens say they have lack of control in early sexual encounters

43
Q

Normalize teen sex (Dutch approach)

A

widespread acceptance that sex is a part of growing up

sex ed emphasized positive aspects of sex

teens feel more in control of their sexual encounters

have more emotional guidance

44
Q

Social script

A

interaction patter that serves as model for appropriate behavior in a given context

trying to find romantic/sexual partners

show us how we might want to act

help us interact others’ actions

45
Q

Courtship/calling era

A

coming to someone’s house to “pay a visit”

female needs to reach eligible age –> men are welcome

invited by mother – heavily supervised

rules designed to assess background and class (cultural capital)

46
Q

Dating era/dating system

A

originated in the working class b/c crowded living conditions, hanging out outside

benefits: freedom from parents and motion (cars)

by 1930s it was the norm to go out in public to do something together

47
Q

Shift in dating system

A

changes the balance of power:
– parents to children
– women to men

public sphere

money = sense of obligation/control

dating system declined: no longer the primary way to find sexual partners, lost power, lost clarity

48
Q

Hookup culture

A

Wade argues this

college culture endorses and facilitates casual sexual encounters (partying and alc. access)

casual (no commitment)

often involves alc.

men instigate more of the interaction – sexual component

49
Q

The orgasm gap

A

men’s sexual pleasure tends to be prioritized

more men than women receive sexual favors and have orgasms

gap exists in committed relationships

50
Q

Gendered double standard

A

hooking up with multiple partners carries different level of repuational risk for men and women

men = expected, women = frowned upon

51
Q

Benefits of Online dating

A

alternative

intentions are more transparent

opportunities to express sexual boundaries/preferences

safer

helps people in smaller communities

52
Q

Drawbacks of online dating

A

safety concern for smaller communities

impicit bias

racism

SOC 120 -- Marriage and Family (4 decks)

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