Key terms and concepts

Question 1

Loan translation

Answer 1

a complex loan where speakers analyze parts and replace with similar native words ‘hard-ears’

Question 2

General American

Answer 2

(1) the standard English of the U.S.
(2) impression of uniformity in American English

Question 3

Americanism

Answer 3

words and phrases that acquired a new sense in the U.S.

Question 4

Rhotic

Answer 4

language variation where r is pronounced where it is orthographically present

Question 5

Nonrhotic

Answer 5

language variation where r is pronounced in syllable initial position and between vowels, but not after vowel

Question 6

isogloss

Answer 6

a line on a dialect map that marks the extent of distribution of a regionally limited feature

Question 7

dialects

Answer 7

can be distinguished by a vocab, phonology, and morphology

Question 8

eye dialect

Answer 8

a nonstandard spelling suggesting dialect but it represents standard pronunciation (sez for says)

Question 9

sociolect

Answer 9

social dialect

Question 10

speech community

Answer 10

a group of speakers who share unique and mutually accepted linguistic norms for communicating, values, attitudes

Question 11

cooperative discourse

Answer 11

uses certain discourse strategies to build and maintain discursive exchanges

Question 12

great migration

Answer 12

1916-1970, large numbers of African Americans moved from the rural south to the urban north and west

Question 13

motivation

Answer 13

sociolinguistic term for cases when speech communicates are motivated to maintain their linguistic kinship through heritage, identity, and language politics

Question 14

aspect

Answer 14

refers to finer distinctions concerning temporal contours of a verb

Question 15

pidgin

Answer 15

a makeshift contact language, artificial and used limited

Question 16

creole

Answer 16

a contact language that developed over several generations, becomes native language