Key terms (across topics) Flashcards
Centration
Why children make conservation error
Focus on one salient property of an object, and ignore other properties
Internalisation
the ability to use cultural tools independently (developed from cultural mediation)
Private speech
- “egocentric speech” - Piaget
- foundation for all cognitive processes
- helps guide behaviours
- use when tasks are difficult or when confused
- becomes internal speech (more silent) as children get older
ZPD
- zone-proximal development
- range of performance that children can do on their own vs with optimal support
Intersubjectivity
The mutual understanding share between people in communication
Definitions of object knowledge?
- Object has substance
- Maintain identity
- Object permance
Definition of social knowledge
Understand about human’s intentions and their behaviours
-> suggest pre-development of the theory of mind
What is social scaffolding?
More competent people create a temporary framework to help less competent people learn
Teratogens
- Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development
- Effect depends on whether teratogens appear in the senstive periods during pre-natal development in terms dose-relation and individual differences.
- Sometimes hard to diagnose due to sleeper effect
What are the most common teratogens?
- Alcohol
- most common
- lead to fetal brain injury
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) -> cognitive dev delayed, facial deformity - Cigarettes
- link to reduced growth + LBW
- link to SIDS
- nicotine, even in e-cigs, is harmful for fetal cardiac, respiratory and nervous system
- effects reduced immediately after quit smoke - Illegal drugs
- Marijuana: stillborn risk doubled, impaired memory and attention
- Cocaine: fetal growth retardation, premature birth BUT lasting effects can be reformed (adopted into a non-addict family) - Others (occupational, environmental hazards, age, disease, etc.)
The strange situation
Laboratory procedure by Mary Ainsworth: where a child is exposed to 8 episodes → 2 separations + 2 reunions, 2 interactions with stranger when alone/caregiver in the room
→ assess infants’ attachment to their primary caregivers
What are the explanations for gender segregation?
- Evolution: maintaining genetic predisposition towards gender difference in behaviours because they offer reproductive advantages
-> NO direct evidence for these genetic influence - Hormone: males have higher androgens level: affect physical development and functioning from prenatal period -> like rough physical game
- Brain difference: small difference in brain structure, but no clear advantage in cognitive performance.
What are features of reflexes?
Innate
Fixed set of responses to a particular actions
Not always involuntary
Some has evolutionary survival value
What is antisocial behaviour
- harmful behaviours intended to bring negative consequences to another
- aggression is the most common and frequent
- 2 types of aggression:
+ Hostile: desire to injure others
+ Instrumental: desire to obtain a goal (using aggression)
What is conscience?
- Internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individual’s ability to conform with standards of conduct in his or her culture
- Develop slowly over time - young child conscience reflects internalised parental standards
- 2-years-olds begin to show guilt when they did something wrong
- Children typically adopt parents’ moral values if: Parents use rational explanations than harsh discipline AND Securely attached
What is prosocial behaviour?
- helpful behaviour intended to benefit others (altruistic motive)
- factors affecting development of prosocial behaviours:
1. genetics (little contributions)
2. environmental influence (strong, imitation of adults’ prosocial behaviour)
3. supportive parents
4. cultural difference
What is Piaget’s moral development theory?
- Heteronomous
- Pre-operational stage (< 7 years old)
- Consequence > Intention
- Rule is absolute/fixed - Autonomous
- Concrete operational stage (7+ years)
- Rule is based on social context
- Consider intention and motive of behaviour
- Consequence < Intention
What is Kohlberg’s moral development?
- Interested in the moral reasonings behind the choice
- Adapt and expand on Piaget’s theory
- 6 stages separated into 3 levels of moral development:
Level 1: pre-conventional morality
- self-centered reasoning
- maximising rewards and minimising punishment
Level 2: conventional
- centered on social relationship
- relies on social expectations (confirmity)
Level 3: post-conventional
- focus on OWN moral principles
- less based on majority opinion
Reactive vs. Proactive aggressions?
Reactive: prone to perceive other people’s motives as hostile and to generate and accept aggressive responses to provocation
Proactive: prone to associate good outcomes out of aggressive acts
Phylogeny
evolution of the species
Ontogeny
evolution of individual organism
Perceptual learning
infants use their perceptual abilities to search for order and regularity in the world around them
2 subtypes:
- Differentiation: notice the difference that is distinctive in 2 things
- Affordance: the possibility of actions that can be made using objects
What is Social Domain Theory
This theory proposes that moral development is not stage-like, but
rather is a more gradual change based on:
- the child’s social interactions with peers
- the child’s social interaction with adults
- direct socialization from their parents
Children needs to make these 3 judgements in everyday life:
1. Moral
2. Social conventional
3. Personal
