Key terms (across topics) Flashcards
Centration
Why children make conservation error
Focus on one salient property of an object, and ignore other properties
Internalisation
the ability to use cultural tools independently (developed from cultural mediation)
Private speech
- “egocentric speech” - Piaget
- foundation for all cognitive processes
- helps guide behaviours
- use when tasks are difficult or when confused
- becomes internal speech (more silent) as children get older
ZPD
- zone-proximal development
- range of performance that children can do on their own vs with optimal support
Intersubjectivity
The mutual understanding share between people in communication
Definitions of object knowledge?
- Object has substance
- Maintain identity
- Object permance
Definition of social knowledge
Understand about human’s intentions and their behaviours
-> suggest pre-development of the theory of mind
What is social scaffolding?
More competent people create a temporary framework to help less competent people learn
Teratogens
- Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development
- Effect depends on whether teratogens appear in the senstive periods during pre-natal development in terms dose-relation and individual differences.
- Sometimes hard to diagnose due to sleeper effect
What are the most common teratogens?
- Alcohol
- most common
- lead to fetal brain injury
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) -> cognitive dev delayed, facial deformity - Cigarettes
- link to reduced growth + LBW
- link to SIDS
- nicotine, even in e-cigs, is harmful for fetal cardiac, respiratory and nervous system
- effects reduced immediately after quit smoke - Illegal drugs
- Marijuana: stillborn risk doubled, impaired memory and attention
- Cocaine: fetal growth retardation, premature birth BUT lasting effects can be reformed (adopted into a non-addict family) - Others (occupational, environmental hazards, age, disease, etc.)
The strange situation
Laboratory procedure by Mary Ainsworth: where a child is exposed to 8 episodes → 2 separations + 2 reunions, 2 interactions with stranger when alone/caregiver in the room
→ assess infants’ attachment to their primary caregivers
What are the explanations for gender segregation?
- Evolution: maintaining genetic predisposition towards gender difference in behaviours because they offer reproductive advantages
-> NO direct evidence for these genetic influence - Hormone: males have higher androgens level: affect physical development and functioning from prenatal period -> like rough physical game
- Brain difference: small difference in brain structure, but no clear advantage in cognitive performance.
What are features of reflexes?
Innate
Fixed set of responses to a particular actions
Not always involuntary
Some has evolutionary survival value
What is antisocial behaviour
- harmful behaviours intended to bring negative consequences to another
- aggression is the most common and frequent
- 2 types of aggression:
+ Hostile: desire to injure others
+ Instrumental: desire to obtain a goal (using aggression)
What is conscience?
- Internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individual’s ability to conform with standards of conduct in his or her culture
- Develop slowly over time - young child conscience reflects internalised parental standards
- 2-years-olds begin to show guilt when they did something wrong
- Children typically adopt parents’ moral values if: Parents use rational explanations than harsh discipline AND Securely attached
