Key Terms Flashcards
Abduction
Movement of an extremity (i.e. arm, leg) away from the mid-line of the body
Action-Oriented Goal
a short-term goal that focusses on the specific steps or actions necessary to attain a desired outcome. Also called process goals or performance goals.
Acute Injury
a single instantaneous incident of physical trauma to the body
Adduction
movement of an extremity (i.e., arm, leg) toward or across midline of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate
the high-energy phosphagen molecule that supplies the energy necessary for all work (i.e. exercise) performed by the body
Aerobic Base
the point at which the body utilizes fat most efficiently as a substrate for energy production during oxygen-dependent (i.e. aerobic) physical activity or exercise
Aerobic Glycolysis
the bioenergetics system that supplies ATP during long duration, low-to-moderate-intensity exercise through the breakdown of carbohydrates (i.e. glucose)
Agonist
the muscle or group of muscles which are primarily responsible for creating a particular joint action. Also known as the prime mover
All-or-None Principle
the contraction of all muscles within a given motor unit once the necessary threshold of central nervous system stimulation has been attained
Amino Acids
the structural components of protein including essential amino acids (i.e. those that must be ingested) and non-essential amino acids (i.e. those that can be manufactured by the body)
Amotivation
a complete lack of motivation or lack of desire to engage in a certain behavior or an activity
Amphiarthrodial Joint
a slightly moveable joint often connected by fibrocartilaginous tissue. Also known as a cartilaginous joint
Anaerobic Glycolysis
the bioenergetics system that supplies ATP during short term, high-intensity exercise through the breakdown of glycogen
Anaerobic Threshold
the point during progressively intense exercise at which the muscles lose the ability to utilize oxygen to create energy (i.e. ATP) and blood lactate levels begin the sharply rise
Anatomical Position
standing in an tall position, feet hip-width apart with the toes pointing forward, the arms hanging to the sides of the body, palms of the hands facing forward, and the head and eyes looking straight ahead
Angular Momentum
the reluctance of a bodey segment or object to stop rotating around an axis of rotation as determined by the product of the object’s mass, the distance from the axis of rotation, and the velocity of the object
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation, failure to maintain a minimally normal weight, an irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and a preoccupation with body shape
Antagonist
the muscle or group of muscles which oppose the agonist muscles
Anterior
a point or body part located in the front of the body
Anterior Pelvic Tilt
rotational movement of the pelvis such that the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis moves forward relative to the pubic bone
Appendicular Skeleton
the 126 bones that include the upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles
Appreciative Inquiry
an approach to coaching behavioral change that focuses on exploring and amplifying an individual’s strengths and that which is good
Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference
the amount of oxygen removed from the arterial blood and taken into the mitochondria within the skeletal muscle. Also called oxygen extraction
Asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the lining of the airways within the lungs
Autogenic Inhibition
decreased muscle tension or relaxation of a muscle that is facilitated by stimulation of the golgi tendon organs
Automated External Defibrillator
a small portable electronic device used to analyze the heart’s rhythm and provide defibrillation of irregular heartbeats through the delivery of a small electrical shock
Axial Skeleton
the 80 bones that include the skull, spinal column, sternum and ribs
Balance
the ability to control the position of the body against external forces
Ballistic Stretching
a method of flexibility training that utilizes rapid bouncing movements in an effort to lengthen and stretch the targeted muscle group
Basal Metabolic Rate
the minimum amount of energy needed to sustain basic life functions while lying at complete rest, in the morning, after sleep, and in a fasted state
Base of Support
the points of contact between the body and the ground or another surface or object
Beat
regular pulsation that creates an even rhythm within music. Also referred to as a count
Beats Per Minute
the number of beats of the heart per minute. Also refers to the number of beats that occur within one minute of music
Binge-Eating Disorder
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating significantly more food in a short period of time than most people would eat under similar circumstances, with episodes marked by feelings of lack of control
Blood Pressure
the pressure exerted by the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels, equal to the product of the cardiac output and the total peripheral vascular resistance
Body Composition
the relative amount of fat mass and lean body mass throughout the body, expressed as a percentage of body fat
Body Mass Index
a calculation used to assess body weight relative to height such that BMI is equal to weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by frequent cycles of binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory purge behaviors intended to prevent weight gain
Calorie
a unit of energy defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius
Carbohydrates
a macronutrient that serves as the body’s preferred source of energy
Cardiac Muscle
the extremely efficient and fatigue-resistant muscle tissue that comprises the walls of the heart
Cardiac Output
the total amount of blood pumped or circulated by the heart per minute, equal to the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
a life support method using chest compressions and rescue breathing intended to supply oxygen to the brain and other vital organs
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the working skeletal muscles to support continuous aerobic activity
Center of Gravity
the point at which the body’s mass is concentrated and balanced between all three planes of motion
Cholesterol
a waxy, fat-like substance found in animal food products and produced by the liver of the body
Chondromalacia Patellae
a condition in which the cartilage lining the posterior surface of the patella becomes softened and swollen, progressing to fragmentation and flaking, and eventually to erosion of the cartilage down to the underlying bone.
Chronic Injury
a state of injury that develops over an extended period of time as the result of cumulative stress to tissue within the body
Closed Kinetic Chain
an exercise during which the distal end (i.e. hand, foot) of the working body segment is in a fixed position and remains in constant contact with an immovable surface
Compressive Stress
a normal force that acts to shorten or compresses a tissue
Concentric
the phase of an isotonic muscle action during which the skeletal muscle shortens
Coordination
the ability to integrate several movements of the body simultaneously and sequentially to complete a complex task
DASH
an acronym representing the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. A dietary pattern characterized by high intake of fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts; moderate intake of whole grains and low-fat or fat-free dairy products; and low in red meats, saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium
Decisional Balance
the process of weighing the pros and cons related to behavioral change or the adoption of a new behavior
Deep
a point or a body part located further beneath (internal) or away from the surface of the body
Dehydration
fluid losses that exceed fluid replenishment (i.e. replacement)
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
muscle soreness that typically begins about 24 hours after a new exposure to a physical overload (i.e. resistance training) and peaks about 48-72 hours post-exercise
Diabetes Mellitus
a group of metabolic diseases characterized by an inability to properly regulate blood glucose levels
Diarthrodial Joint
a freely moveable joint containing a joint capsule articular cartilage, and a synovial membrane producing synovial fluid. Also known as a synovial joint
Diastolic Blood Pressure
the pressure exerted by the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
a set of dietary guidelines and key recommendations for the general public and 6 recommendations for special population groups published jointly by the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services
Disordered Eating
a broad range of maladaptive dietary behaviors, weight loss practices, and psychological disorders related to eating
Distal
a point on an extremity (e.g. arm or leg) located further away from attached end of the limb or further from the center of the body
Dorsiflexion
the movement that brings the top (dorsal surface) of the foot toward the anterior aspect of the lower leg
Dynamic Stretching
a method of flexibility training that utilizes slow, controlled, and rhythmic movements to actively increase joint range of motion
Eating Disorders
four clinically diagnosable conditions including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and feeding or eating disorders not elsewhere classified
Eccentric
the phase of an isotonic muscle action during which the skeletal muscle lengthens
Elastic Deformation
the instantaneous return of a deformed object to its original shape once an external force is removed
Emergency Response Plan
a written plan outlining the policies and procedures related to emergency response within a fitness facility
Equilibrium
a state in which forces acting upon an object are equal
Eversion
the movement of the bottom of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
the elevated consumption of oxygen after the cessation of an exercise session. Also known as the oxygen debt
Exercise
a subset of physical activity that includes planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement performed to improve one or more components of physical fitness
Exertional Heat Cramps
painful involuntary muscle spasms, often affecting the lower extremities and abdomen, which may occur during or after prolonged strenuous exercise performed in hot and humid environments
Exertional Heatstroke
a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by dangerously high core body temperature, central nervous system dysfunction, and multiple organ system failure
Extension
a movement that increases the relative joint angle or moves two body segments further apart and back toward the anatomical position
External Rotation
a movement around the long axis of a bone or body segment away from the body
Extrinsic Motivation
motivation driven by or influenced by external factors or those outside of an individual
Fast Glycolytic Muscle Fibers
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Muscle Fibers
Fat
a macronutrient serving man y important functions throughout the body including a source of energy during prolonged, low-intensity aerobic activity
Fatty Acid Oxidation
the bioenergetics system that supplies ATP during long duration, low-intensity exercise through the breakdown of fats (i.e. fatty acids)
Female Athlete Triad
the interrelated combination of low energy availability, amenorrhea, and reduced bone mineral density sometimes seen among highly active females
First Class Lever
a lever system in which two opposing forces (e.g. muscle force, resistance force) are located on opposite sides of a fulcrum
FITT
an acronym representing frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity, which is applied to the design of cardiorespiratory training programs
Flexibility
the ability to move a joint through a full, pain-free range of motion
Flexion
a movement that decreases the relative joint angle or brings two body segments closer together
Force Arm
in a lever system, the perpendicular distance of the muscle force from the axis of rotation
Frontal Plane
the anatomical plane that divides the body into the anterior and posterior sides
Fulcrum
the axis of rotation in a lever system
Functional
refers to an exercise that integrates multiple joints performing multi-planar, three-dimensional movement, which resembles activities of daily living or occupational activities
General Adaptation Syndrome
a concept proposed to explain the physiological response of the body to an imposed stress including the alarm stage , the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage
Golgi Tendon Organs
sensory receptors located in the musculotendinous unit that are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
Ground Reaction Force
the equal and opposite force applied against the body in response to the force applied by the body (i.e. foot) against the ground
GROW
a coaching model acronym which represents goal, reality, options, and what will you do
Health
a condition characterized by the absence of illness, disease, and injury as well as a state of optimal physical, social, and psychological well-being
Health Belief Model
a behavioral model that suggests an individual will modify their behavior to prevent a disease or an undesirable health condition if they are susceptible to the disease or condition
Health-Related Physical Fitness
a set of attributes including cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, body composition, and flexibility
Heart Rate
the number of beats or cardiac cycles of the heart per minute
Heart Rate Reserve
represents the difference between an individual’s maximal heart rate and the resting heart rate
Heat Exhaustion
a common, yet potentially serious, heat illness often characterized by profuse sweating accompanied by cold, clammy skin
High-Density Lipoproteins
a lipoprotein that enables the transportation of lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides through the bloodstream. Known as the ‘good’ cholesterol, HDLs are scavengers that gather and deliver cholesterol and lipids to the liver for breakdown and excretion
HIPAA
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Regulates privacy of personal health information among health care providers and other covered entities
Horizontal Abduction
a movement of an extremity in the transverse plane (i.e. parallel to the ground) away from the midline of the body
Hyperextension
the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Hypertension
chronically elevated blood pressure defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg
Hyponatremia
a condition in which the body’s water-to-sodium ratio is severely elevated causing a decrease in plasma sodium concentration
Inferior
a point on the body located closer to the feet relative to another body part
Informed Consent
a document utilized to communicate the inherent risks and dangers associated with participation in exercise testing and training
Intrinsic Motivation
motivation originating internally or within and individual such as performing a task for the inherent pleasure, satisfaction, or personal challenge derived from the task
Internal Rotation
a movement around the long axis of a bone or body segment toward the body
Interval Training
a method of exercise training which alternates short bouts of high-intensity exercise with short bouts of low-intensity active recovery for the purpose of increasing anaerobic threshold and exercise tolerance
Inversion
the movement of the bottom of the foot inward, toward the midline of the body
Isokinetic
a muscle action during which the skeletal muscle exerts a variable amount of force at a constant speed of movement modulated by the exercise equipment
Isometric
a muscle action during which force is produced, yet the muscle does not change length and no movement occurs
Isotonic
a muscle action during which force is produced as the skeletal muscle shortens and lengthens to lift and lower a constant external load
Karvonen Formula
a calculation based on heart rate reserve that is used to determine the target heart rate during cardiorespiratory exercise
Kilocalorie
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. 1 kilocalorie is equal to 1,000
Kinetic Chain
the interconnected series of body segments and joints spanning from the feet to the head
Kyphosis
an excessive posterior curvature or rounding of the thoracic spine
Lapse
a temporary departure from a desired behavior or a temporary return to an undesirable behavior
Lateral
a point on the body further away from the midline or the middle of the body
Law of Acceleration
states that a force applied to an object causes acceleration of the object in the direction of the force that is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
Law of Action-Reaction
states that when an object applies a force to another object, there is an equal and opposite force applied back to the original object
Law of Inertia
states that an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless an external force acts upon the object
Liability Exposure
any situation that increases the risk of an injury, a medical emergency, or the severity of a medical emergency, as well as the risk of subsequent litigation
Ligament
fibrous connective tissue which connects bone to bone and provides passive stability to joints
Lordosis
an excessive anterior curvature or arching of the lumbar spine
Low-Density Lipoproteins
lipoprotein that transports fat molecules and cholesterol within the bloodstream. Known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol, LDLs contribute to the accumulation of plaque in the arteries causing atherosclerosis
Lower Cross Syndrome
a postural distortion pattern characterized by an anterior pelvic tilt, increased lumbar lordosis, internally rotated hips, adducted knees, and externally rotated feet
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
the highest amount of oxygen utilized by the body during maximal, exhaustive exercise, equal to the product of the maximal cardiac output and the maximal oxygen extraction
Measure
comprised of a series of down beats and upbeats that are organized into a pattern within musci
Medial
a point on the body located closer to the midline or the middle part of the body
Median
a vertical line down the center of the body, which divides the body into the left and right halves. Also known as the midline
Metabolic Equivalent
a unit of measurement used to define the absolute energy expenditure or oxygen consumption of a specific level of activity. Also known as a MET. One MET is equivalent to 3.5 mL of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute of activity
Metabolism
the biochemical process of breaking down macronutrients to provide the energy by necessary to sustain life and perform activity
Minerals
inorganic micronutrient elements essential for the maintenance of normal physiological processes throughout the body
Mitochrondria
small organelles found throughout skeletal muscle within which ATP is produced aerobically. Known as the “powerhouse” of the muscle fiber (cell)
Moment Arm
the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the applied force
Motivation
the degree of determination, drive, or desire with which an individual approaches or avoids a behavior
Motivational Interviewing
a collaborative conversation style for strengthening a person’s own motivation and commitment to change
Motor Unit
the functional unit of the neuromuscular system including the nerve cell (i.e., motor neuron), the branches of the nerve cell (i.e., axon, dendrites), and the muscle fibers innervated by the nerve
Muscle Force
in a lever system, the internal force generated by the skeletal muscle
Muscle Spindles
sensory receptors
