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English Language P1 > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Conjunction

A

And, but, because

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2
Q

Pre-modifier/ post-modifier

A

Before/after a noun e.g. beautiful fox

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3
Q

Attributive Adjective

A

Comes before noun

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4
Q

Predicative Adjective

A

Post-modifying e.g. ‘grammar is brilliant’

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5
Q

Semantics

A

Study of general meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

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6
Q

Collocates

A

Words that typically appear together e.g. ‘fish and chips’, ‘knife and fork’, ‘Romeo and Juliet’

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7
Q

Fixed expression

A

a group of words that expresses a specific idea. Changing the words would sound strange.

wash the dishes (but not “clean the dishes” or “bathe the dishes”)
make an attempt (but not “do an attempt”)
come into mind (but not “arrive in my mind” or “come into brain”)
rock and roll music (but not “roll and rock music”)

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8
Q

Atonym

A
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9
Q

Morphology

A

Study of word formation

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10
Q

Syntax

A

Study of how words form larger structures such as phrases, clauses and sentences

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11
Q

Descriptive/ Perscriptive

A

Prescriptive grammar describes when people focus on talking about how a language should or ought to be used
Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, focuses on describing the language as it is used, not saying how it should be used

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12
Q

Root, suffix, prefix, affix

A

Root:a morpheme that can stand on it’s own and usually form a word of its own
Suffix: Goes on end of word
Prefix: Start of word
Affix: More morphemes like -s

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13
Q

Noun clause

A

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun.

Subordinate clause
‘what Billy did’
‘that he couldn’t swim’

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14
Q

Passive Omission

A

Shifts the focus, removes blame

E.g. ‘The council closed the children’s playground’ to ‘The children’s playground was closed.’

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15
Q

Phonology

A

The study of sounds in a particular language

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16
Q

Phonetics

A

Area of study concerned with investigating how we produce sounds

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17
Q

Prosodics

A

How speakers shape meaning through intonation, speed& volume

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18
Q

Heterophones

A

Words with the same spelling but different pronunciation & meaning

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19
Q

Homophones

A

Words pronounced the same but have a different meaning/spelling

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20
Q

Articulators

A

Vocal organs above the larynx including lips, teeth and tongue. Help to form consonant sounds

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21
Q

Diphthong

A

Vowel sound that is the combo of 2 separate sounds, where a speaker moves from one to another

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22
Q

Sound iconicity

A

also known as phonosemantics, sound symbolism, linguistic iconism, or phonological iconicity

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23
Q

Sound iconicity

A

Matching of sound to an aspect of meaning

If the symbol is similar in some way to its meaning, it has iconicity
“Chirp” is a word that represents the sound it describes — in this case, the sound a bird makes when it chirps.
In American sign language, the word “you” is represented by pointing to the person being spoken to. The hand sign indicates the meaning of the word.

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24
Q

Consonance

A

Repeated consonant sound for effect

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25
Q

Assonance

A

Repeated vowel sounds for effect

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26
Q

Sibilance

A

Repeated fricative sounds especially /s/

27
Q

Fricatives

A

Voiced: th(them), v(vote), zh(vision), z(zoo)

Unvoiced: th(thin), f(face), sh(she), s(so), h(he)

28
Q

Non-lexical onomatopoeia

A

Opposite to lexical onomatopoeia ‘non-words’ that signify some meaning through their sounds

29
Q

Lexical Onomatopoeia

A

words like thud, crack, slurp. and buzz

30
Q

Phonological manipulation

A

Making changes in sound patterns to give certain effects

31
Q

Minimal pair

A

Two words that differ in only one single sound

Bent/vent, fan/van, vine/fine, save/safe

32
Q

Graphology

A

Space, layout and different fonts to convey meaning

33
Q

Layout

A

Physical organisation of the text

34
Q

Iconic sign

A

Sign/ image that is a direct picture of the thing it represents e.g. road work sign

DIRECT REPRESENTATION

35
Q

Symbolic sign

A

Sign/ image where an associated meaning is drawn from some shared degree of knowledge

HIDDEN MEANING- WHAT WE CAN INFER

36
Q

Typographical feature

A

typographical features refers to the use of special font features

37
Q

Multimodal text

A

Meaning is conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of visual (still image) written language, and spatial modes

E.g.comics, picture books, posters, 📚 textbooks

38
Q

Typography

A

Way font is used and set out

typography is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader. Typography involves font style, appearance, and structure, which aims to elicit certain emotions and convey specific messages

E.g. bold, underlining, italics, fonts

39
Q

Pragmatics

A

‘Not sticking your foot in it socially’, reading between the lines
‘Are you wearing those shoes tonight?’ As opposed to ‘Those shoes are disgusting don’t wear them’

Meaning behind what has been said

‘What time do you call this?’

40
Q

Schema

A

A bundle of knowledge about a concept, person/ event

For example, your schema for your friend might include information about her appearance, her behaviors, her personality, and her preferences. Social schemas include general knowledge about how people behave in certain social situations

41
Q

Co-text

A

Other words/phrases surrounding a word in a text
E.g. a key to a door
A key on a keyboard
A key to solve the problem
Door, keyboard and the problem are co-texts of the word ‘key’

E.g. to use word ‘goal’ we need to know the words that commonly occur with it e.g. achieve, set, accomplish or score

42
Q

Embodied knowledge

A

Knowledge associated with memories of physically experiencing something e.g. sight&smell of a city

43
Q

Deixis

A

Words that are context bound& whose meaning depends on who is using them.
‘You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow because they aren’t here now’
You’ll, that, they, here, now= deixis

Only understood in the immediate physical context

44
Q

Deictic categories

A

Types of expression (person, spatial, temporal)

personal deixis (I, you, we), 
spatial deixis (this, that, here, there), and temporal deixis (now, today, yesterday)
45
Q

Distal deixis

A

Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events/ people at a distance from the speaker

E.g. there, then, that

46
Q

Proximal deixis

A

Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events/ people close to speaker

E.g. here, now, this

47
Q

Different examples of proximal&distal deixis

A

here there
now then
this/these that/those
come go

48
Q

Turn-taking

A

Speakers co-constructing conversation

49
Q

Adjacency pair

A

Simple structure of two turns

50
Q

Preferred response

A

Second part of adjacency pair that fits in with what the first speaker wants to hear

51
Q

Dispreferred response

A

Oppoiste to preferred

Second part of adjacency pair that does not fit in with what the first speaker wants to hear

52
Q

Insertion sequence

A

Additional sequence between the two parts of an adjacency pair.

53
Q

Exchange structure

A

Sequence of turns between speakers

54
Q

Transition relevance place

A

A point where it is natural for another speaker to take a turn

55
Q

Contraint

A

The influence a more powerful speaker can have on another speaker

56
Q

Filler

A

word or sound filling a pause in an utterance or conversation (e.g. er, well, you know ).

Acts like a pause- to signal uncertainty/ ‘breathing space’ for the speaker

57
Q

False start

A

When a speaker begins to speak, stops &then starts again

58
Q

Repair

A

When a speaker corrects some aspect of what they have said- the error might be a grammatical one/ the use of a wrong word, either by accident or mentioning something inappropriate.

E.g.
‘We was. Were going’
‘I want her to lose. I mean win’

59
Q

Skip connector

A

A word/ phrase that returns the conversation to a previous topic. ‘Anyways, coming back to our original discussion’

60
Q

Ellipsis

A

The omission of words for economical reasons/ because the context means that the person listening understands the shortened utterances

A: What do you want for lunch?
B: Ham Sandwich (I would like is ellipted)

61
Q

Speaker support

A

Words/ phrases (both verbal& non verbal) that show attention or agreement& encourage a speaker to carry on talking e.g. Mmm, yeah, ok

62
Q

Audience positioning

A

Often used in mass media advertising- positions audience as someone who wants/ needs the product advertised

63
Q

Synthetic Personalisation

A

Making it seem like text receivers are being addressed as individuals rather than a mass

64
Q

Antecedent & anaphora

A

‘Can I borroe your book?’

‘Yes it’s on the table’

English Language P1 (3 decks)

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