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Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

1) What is the ability Of the system to record adjacent small structures, equipment related
2) and is measured in what

A

1) spatial resolution

2) line pairs per mm lp/mm

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2
Q

What is the smallest area depicted in an image that is two dimensional square that contains discreet gray shade?

A

Pixel

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3
Q

As pixel size increases spatial resolution (increases/decreases)

A

Decreases

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4
Q

In spatial resolution when referring to pixels what is measured center to center?

A

Pixel pitch

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5
Q

1) As pixel pitch increases spatial resolution (increases/decreases)
2) Measured in…

A

1) decreases

2) microns (um)

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6
Q

1) When referring to spatial resolution referring to pixels what is the number of pixels per millimeter?
2) It is determined by the pixel _____ and pixel _____

A

1) pixel density

2) pixel size and pixel pitch

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7
Q

As pixel size decreases pixel density (increases/decreases)

A

Increases

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8
Q

Pediatric patients are more sensitive to radiation exposure by how much

A

5%

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9
Q

For part thickness a general rule part measuring greater than ____ centimeters requires the use of grid to offset the production of secondary and scatter radiation in the volume of the tissue as the x-ray beam passes through the tissue

A

10 cm or 4in

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10
Q

Casts:
What increase in KVP and mAs:

1) wet
2) dry
3) fiberglass

A

1) kvp-8-10% increase with 100% increase in mAs
2) kvp-5-7% increase with 50-60% increase in mAs
3) kvp- 3-4% increase with 25-30% increase in mAs

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11
Q

1) Quantum mottle may occur with AEC techniques if the required of _____ is too low?
2) how do you compensate for that?

A

1) mAs

2) decrease kvp and increase in mAs

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12
Q

1) Another term for anatomic alignment

2) What is key when referring to this

A

1) Limited positioning latitude

2) positioning!

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13
Q

When referring to receptor exposure control: (+1, -1)

1) A very thin patient or pediatrics a _______ receptor exposure control may be selected to help prevent ________
2) A very large patient a ______receptor exposure control may be selected to help prevent ________

A

1) -negative
- overexposure

2) -positive
- underexposure

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14
Q

Fixed KVP charts are also referred to as_______

A

Variable mAs chart

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15
Q

Variable KVP chart is also known as_______

A

Fixed mAs chart

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16
Q

The fixed KVP technique system is similar to the basic principle of _________

A

Photo timing

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17
Q

When referring to technique charts talking about variable KVP chart:

1) a ____ kV change It’s made for each centimeter in part thickness when operating at 80 kvp
2) a ___kV change Is made for each centimeter in part thickness when operating at or above 80 KVP

A

1) 2 kV

2) 3 kV

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18
Q

For geometric factors distortion:

1) Shape distortion are limited to…..
2) size distortion is limited to changes in….

A 
1) shape- 
• angle of part 
• angle of IR
• motion 
~ elongation and foreshortening

2) size-
• OID
•SID
~ increase in OID = magnification increases (to compensate for increase OID, You increase SID)

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19
Q

What is the reduction in the size of the focus directed towards the image receptor versus the size of the actual area on the surface of the anode bombarded with electrons, is referred to as

A

Line focus principle

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20
Q

When referring to line focus principle which focal spot is larger than the other

A

Actual focal spot is always larger than effective focal spot

21
Q

1) When referring to line focus principle the actual focal spot receives electrons from the ______
2) The effective focal spot or projected focal spot or useful focal spot receives electrons from the _____

A

1) cathode

2) anode

22
Q

For effective focal spot as the angle of the Anode decreases, the effective focal spot (Increases/ decreases)

A

Decreases

23
Q

1) What are the geometric factors?

1) All of these effect what?

A

1)

1) SID
2) OID
3) focal spot size
4) motion
5) angulation (of tube, body part, IR)

2) •recorded detail
• distortion (spatial resolution)

24
Q

1) What is DEL?

2) What are the factors that affect it?

A

1) detector element
2) •size (smaller= better resolution)
• pitch ( center of detective element to center of other)

• full factor (the amt (area) of the DEL dedicated to radiation detection)

25
Q

What is a two dimensional rate of pixels is the total number of the pixels

A

Matrix

26
Q

Matrix is dependent upon the ______ and the ________

A

FOV and pixel density

27
Q

An increase in Image receptor size results in an ( increase or decrease) in matrix size

A

Increase

28
Q

Decrease in pixel size results in (increase/decrease) matrix size and an (increase/decrease) spatial resolution

A

Increases matrix size and increases spatial resolution

29
Q

Decreasing pixel size (increase/decrease) visibility of small structures and (increase/decrease) in spatial resolution

A

Increased visibility and increased spacial resolution

30
Q

1) What is the number of pixels samples per millimeter as a laser scan each line of the imaging plate?
2) Which system uses this?

A

1) Sampling frequency

2) CR (PSP)

31
Q

The Greater the sampling frequency the (shorter/longer) It takes to process a plate due to the amount of information being collected

A

Longer

32
Q

Increasing the sample frequency results in the laser moving a smaller distance and there is an (increase/decrease) in spatial resolution

A

Increase

33
Q

What is the relationship between the sampling frequency (Number of pixels/MM scanned by the laser) And the spatial resolution (Resulting image detail, sharpness)

A

Nyquist frequency

34
Q

What equals half of the sampling frequency (pixel density)?

A

Nyquist frequency

( if 10pixels/mm are scanned, nyquist frequency is a maximum of 5lp/mm

35
Q

1) Detector element is the size used with which system?

2) Uses what detector?

A

1) DR

2) flat ones detector

36
Q

When referring to contrast resolution (equipment related) were talking about the ability to detect subtle changes in the grey scale:

What are three things we talk about when referring to this?

A

1) but depth
2) modulation transfer function (MTF)
3) detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

37
Q

What is the number of gray tones the pixel can produce?

A

Bit depth

38
Q

What is the ability of a system to record available spatial resolution

A

Modulation transfer function (MTF)

39
Q

What is a percent of x-rays absorbed by the detector and is how efficient a system converts input x-ray signal into a useful output image

A

Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

40
Q

When referring to image signal and noise when it is exposure related, what is the range of values over which a digital image receptor will respond ?

A

Contrast resolution/ dynamic range

41
Q

1) SNR?
2) CNR?

3) do you want a high or low SNR and CNR?

A

1) signal to noise ratio
2) contrast to noise ratio
3) you want a high SNR and a high CNR

42
Q

What do you creases our SNR and CNR That decreases our ability to see all spatial resolution and contrast resolution on the image ?

A

Noise

Noise = quantum mottle= too little mAS

43
Q 
Edema 
Tumors
Atelectasis
Pleural effusion 
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Ascites
Cirrhosis
Hydrocephalus
Paget’s disease “osteoitis defiemans” (cotton ball in skull) 
Osteopetrosis ( marble bone)

1)These are all what diseases and require a what to your technique?

A

1) additive diseases, increase in technique

44
Q 
Atrophy 
Emphysema 
Pneumothorax 
Bowel obstruction 
Carcinoma 
Degenerative arthritis 
Gout (build up of Uric acid) 
Multiple myeloma 
Osteomalacia (soft)
Osteoporosis (Paris and spongy)

1) these are all what type of diseases and require you to do what wifh your technique?

A

1) destructive diseases, decrease your technique

45
Q

What is defined as a variation or difference in opacity (receptor exposure) Recorded on a radiograph and requires a measurement of image receptor opacity from at least two points on the image receptor

A

Contrast ( photographic factor)

46
Q

What is the variations in absorbing ability of objects within the part of interest?

A

Subject contrast

47
Q

What is the ability of the image receptor to respond to variations in exposure (radiation) resulting in variations in radiographic receptor exposure?

A

Image receptor contrast

48
Q

What is defined as a variation an x-ray beam intensity with an increase and beam intensity to her the catheter under the beam in a decrease in intensity toward the anode end of the beam

A

Anode heel effect

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