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RELI 2510 A: Hinduism Final > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is strīdharma?

A

dharma of woman

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2
Q

What is pativrata?

A

Ideal for a wife was to be a pativrata – a wife entirely devoted to her husband.

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3
Q

What is Sati?

A
  • “ wife who is faithful” but also refers to the act of a woman joining her deceased husband on his cremation pyre.
  • Joining her husband in death was viewed as the supreme proof of this faithfulness.
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4
Q

What is Bhakti?

A

love, devotion; devotional worship, typically of a personal god.

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5
Q

What is Ramayana?

A

“story of Rāma”

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6
Q

What is Smrti?

A

that which was ‘remembered’ or ‘handed down

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7
Q

Who is Vālmīki?

A
  • Author of Ramayana

- the version of the Ramayana attributed to the sage Vālmīki is perhaps the oldest and most popular.

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8
Q

Who is Rama?

A

hero of the epic (Ramayana); prince of Ayodhyā.

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9
Q

Who is Sita?

A

Rama’s wife; daughter of King Janaka of Mithilā.

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10
Q

Who is Hanuman?

A

Monkey warrior; great friend and devotee of Rama.

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11
Q

Who is Laksmana?

A

Rama’s brother from another mother.

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12
Q

Who is Kaikeyi?

A

Second wife Daśaratha; mother of Bharata (key character of the Ramayana)

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13
Q

Who is Ravana?

A

the ten-headed demon (rākṣasa); king of Laṅkā (key character of Ramayana)

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14
Q

Who is Daśaratha?

A

Rama’s father and king of Ayodhyā; husband of Kausalyā, Kaikeyī’, and Sumitrā (key character of Ramayana)

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15
Q

Who is Bharata?

A

Rama’s brother; Kaikeyī’s son (key character of Ramayana)

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16
Q

What is Svayaṃvara?

A
  • Svayaṃvara (one‘s own choice).
  • Ceremony where a kṣatriya princess might select her own husband.
  • Usually involves a skill-testing contest.
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17
Q

What is Mahābhārata?

A

“The great story of the descendants of Bharata” or “The great war of the Bharatas.”

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18
Q

Who is Vyasa?

A
  • Authorship of the Mahabharata attributed to the sage Vyāsa.
  • Name means “the separator”.
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19
Q

What does Bhagavad Gītā mean?

A

(“Song of the Lord”)

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20
Q

What does marga mean?

A

Path or approach

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21
Q

What is the Jnana Marga?

A

The Path of Knowledge

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22
Q

What is the Karma marga?

A

The Path of Action

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23
Q

What is the Bhakti Marga?

A

The Path of Loving Devotion

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24
Q

What does Jnana mean?

A

means “knowledge.”

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25
Q

What is Karmaphalasanga?

A
  • karma = action/act, phal = fruit, results, asanga = without attachment (niṣkāma karma - action without attachment)
  • key component of the path of action
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26
Q

What is saguna?

A

with qualities/attributes

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27
Q

What is nirguna?

A

god without qualities

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28
Q

What is Visvarupa?

A

When Krsna showed Arjuna his universal form (viśvarūpa).

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29
Q

What is pantheism?

A

the belief that God encompasses the creation and yet is greater than it - God is both within and also transcends the creation.

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30
Q

What is puja?

A

acts of worship paid to a god or goddess, usually in the presence of the divine image at a temple or home shrine. Central religious activity in the lives of many Hindus.

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31
Q

What is Bhajan?

A

devotional recitation

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32
Q

What is Kirtan?

A

congregational religious singing

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33
Q

What is Bhakta?

A

“devotee” or “lover of god”. worship god with form (saguna).

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34
Q

What is sants?

A

(“holy person” or “truth”– often translated as “saint”)

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35
Q

What is avatāra?

A

incarnations of gods

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36
Q

What are the Mahāpurāṇas?

A

great or major Purāṇas

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37
Q

What are the Upapurāṇas?

A

lesser Purāṇas

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38
Q

What are the two different types of Brahmins?

A

Śrauta Brahmins (continued to adhere to most orthodox practices as described in the śruti literature) and Smārta Brahmins (followed the teachings in the smṛti literature).

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39
Q

What are mala?

A

prayer beads

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40
Q

What is a vahana?

A

Mount / vehicle

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41
Q

What is Hamsa?

A

A goose, which is Brahma’s mount

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42
Q

What is a tilaka?

A

Devotees of Siva wear a tilaka (forehead marking made with colored powder, paste, or ash) that consists of 3 horizontal lines.

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43
Q

What is nandi?

A

Siva’s Vehicle is a Bull (Nandi).

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44
Q

What is linga?

A
  • Siva is often worshipped in an aniconic form (liṅga).
  • mark” or “sign”; representation of Śiva.
  • Vertical cylindrical stone – male component – Śiva.
  • Circular horizontal base called “yoni” (source; womb) or “pīṭha”(a seat) – female component – Śakti.
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45
Q

Who is Naṭarāja?

A

One iconic form of Siva is Naṭarāja (Lord of the Dance) – dance that brings about destruction of cosmos.

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46
Q

What is Ardhanarīśvara?

A

Union of Śiva and Pārvatī sometimes depicted as Ardhanarīśvara (the Lord who is half woman).

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47
Q

What is mūśika?

A

Ganesa’s vehicle is a mouse (mūśika)

48
Q

What are Vaiṣṇavas?

A

Devotees, called Vaiṣṇavas, wear a u-shaped tilaka.

49
Q

What is a Sankha?

A

a conch, one of the items that Vishnu holds

50
Q

What is a Cakra?

A

a discus, one of the items that Vishnu holds

51
Q

What is a gada?

A

mace (gada), one of the items that Vishnu holds

52
Q

What is a padma?

A

a lotus, one of the items that Vishnu holds

53
Q

What are daśāvatāras?

A

the 10 descents/incarnations of Vishnu

54
Q

What are gopis?

A

Krsna was an attractive young man who gained the love of all of the gopīs (cowherd women).

55
Q

What is devi or mahadevi?

A

The Goddess (Devī ) or Great Goddess (Mahādevī) is Absolute Divinity, the supreme source of everything (Brahman).

56
Q

What is Sakti?

A

power that animates the cosmos; the feminine aspect of the Divine.

57
Q

What are Śāktas?

A

Worshippers are called Śāktas.

58
Q

What is Devī Māhātmya?

A

(7th or 8th century CE) – “Glorification of the Great Goddess”; text which articulates the conception of the a Great Goddess. Devī central in Tantric literature.

59
Q

What is pūrṇa-kalaśa?

A

carrying a jar

60
Q

What is the great tradition?

A
  • Sanskritic
  • Āryan
  • Brahmin male-dominated
  • Northern
  • Elite culture.
  • Generally wields political influence –use this to articulate the dominant worldviews and value systems.
61
Q

What is little tradition?

A
  • Non-Sanskritic
  • Non-Āryan (Dravidian, village, tribal)
  • Non-Brahmin
  • Southern,
  • Popular culture
  • Made up of broader masses.
  • Wields power in its own areas of influence.
62
Q

What is puja?

A

the ritualized form of devotional worship

63
Q

What is Murti and Yantra?

A
  • Most Hindus offer pūjā to a mūrti (image; form; deity that is embodied in a material form).
    • May be a printed image or statue or a symbolic icon or a cosmological diagram (yantra).
64
Q

What is Darśana?

A

seeing or viewing; implies an exchange of vision. God/goddess acknowledges the presence and devotion of the devotee.

65
Q

What are arti and Dipa?

A

High point of worship is ārti - priest ignites lamp(dīpa – flame)and offers it to the deity.

66
Q

What is Prasāda?

A

Prasāda (divine blessing) is distributed to the devotees present.

67
Q

What is Vrata?

A
  • vowed ascetic observance (vrata)

- Worshippers may also be performing pūjā as part of a vrata to attain personal power and auspiciousness.

68
Q

What is Śālagrāma?

A

ammonite; natural form of Viṣṇu

69
Q

What is Bana liṅga?

A

natural form of Śiva

70
Q

What are Padukas?

A

Footprints (pādukas) – Viṣṇu or a saint

71
Q

What is murti?

A
  • A form, body, figure; an embodiment, incarnation, manifestation
  • More than a likeness, it is the deity itself taken form.
72
Q

What is Vigraha?

A

body, from vi + grah “to grasp, to catch hold of” – that form which enables the mind to grasp the nature of God.

73
Q

What is Nagara?

A

Northern or Nāgara style, one of the main types of temples

74
Q

What is Dravida?

A

Southern or Drāviḍa style, one of the main types of temples

75
Q

What is vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala?

A

A hindu temple is configured according to a sacred diagram - vāstu-puruṣa-maṇḍala maps the primordial being (puruṣa) to the temple’s ground plan.

76
Q

What is garbhagṛha?

A
  • Inner sanctum - garbhagṛha (“home of the embryo“ or “womb“).
  • Dimly lit, cool, dark space.
  • Leave behind mundane world – towards the source of all creation.
77
Q

What is Sikhara?

A

Soaring spire – śikhara – marks the top of the inner sanctum.

78
Q

What are Gopuras?

A

Ornate gateways seen in southern style temples

79
Q

What is Pujari?

A

a priest who conducts the rites of worship at a temple

80
Q

What is Yatra?

A

Pilgrimage

81
Q

What is Tirtha?

A

Holy sites called tīrṭha (ford or crossing place) – locations where it is believed to be easier to cross from profane to sacred realms.

82
Q

What is Kumbha Melas?

A

Major pilgrimage gatherings, occur every three years rotating between four locations

83
Q

What does Tantra mean?

A

Tantra - “loom” or “organizational grid.”

84
Q

What is Sadhana?

A

Liberation attained not through mere pleasure but through ascetic practice (sādhana)

85
Q

What are Siddhi?

A

Acquisition of powers (siddhi)

86
Q

What are Siddhas?

A

highly accomplished Tantric practitioners.

87
Q

What is Sadhaka?

A

the practitioner (sādhaka)

88
Q

what is a mantra?

A

sacred sounds

89
Q

What is Japa?

A

recitation of God’s name

90
Q

What are mandalas?

A

cosmic diagrams

91
Q

What is Vamamarga?

A

Left-handed path (vāmamarga) considered appropriate for only advanced practitioners– centered on ritual performance of activities forbidden in everyday life.

92
Q

What are Mudras?

A

Sacred gestures (mudrā – “seal” ).

93
Q

What is Prana?

A

vital energy

94
Q

What is Nadi?

A

pathways (e.g., prana nadi, vital energy pathway)

95
Q

What are Yantras?

A
  • Yantra means machine.
  • Yantras – from root ‘yam’ meaning to sustain or hold.
  • Geometric design composed of basic shapes – tool or instrument designed to hold fast or embody a divine power.
  • Meditation devices.
  • Symbols of the God/Goddess as well as the universe.
96
Q

What is Bhairava?

A

Parama-śiva is known as Bhairava (The Terrifying).

97
Q

What is golu?

A

Figurines are arranged in an elaborate display (golu).

98
Q

What is Ramlila?

A
  • Nine nights and ten days that Rāma battled Rāvaṇa.

- In some cities it is celebrated by acting out the story of the Rāmāyaṇa in a play called Rāmlīla.

99
Q

What Vijaya Dasami and Dussehra?

A
  • A festival, for some it commemorates the day when Durgā slew the Buffalo demon, Mahiṣa.
  • For others it is Dussehra - marks the day that Rāma killed the ten-headed demon Rāvaṇa.
100
Q

What is Mahāśivarātri?

A

“Great night of Śiva”; one of Śiva’s most celebrated festivals.

101
Q

What are kolams?

A

elaborate diagrams drawn by women ( kolams) to decorate the entrances to their homes during the festival, Pongal

102
Q

What is religious syncretism?

A

Religious syncretism began to appear in North India as a result of the interaction between Muslims and Hindus.

103
Q

What was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?

A

tipping point.

104
Q

Who was Ram Mohan Roy?

A

Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)

  • Approach to reform – synthesize a new tradition that drew from Christianity and Hinduism that also favored Western science and its values.
  • He envisioned a religion that fused the ancient teachings of Hinduism with Western rationality.
  • Founded Brāhmo Samāj (Society of the Absolute) in 1828.
105
Q

Who is Swami Dayānanda Sarasvati (1824-1883)?

A
  • a Gujarati Brahmin.
  • Approach to Christian influences was to encourage a return to Hindu fundamentals.
  • Essence of Hinduism was in the Vedas.
  • Rejected the Purāṇas and Tantras, polytheism, image worship, and the concept of avatāras.
  • Founded the Ārya Samāj (Society of Noble Ones) in 1875.
106
Q

Who is Ramakrishna?

A
  • (1836-86)
  • Represented traditional Hindu beliefs and spiritual techniques.
  • Devotee of Kālī but also worshipped other deities in an attempt to discover their special blessings.
  • Experimented with different Hindu approaches (Tantra, Vedānta ).
  • Disciples formed the Ramakrishna Order in 1897.
  • Emphasizes service to humanity as an expression of religious activity.
107
Q

What is satyagraha?

A

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi used the Gita as the foundation for his teaching and technique of satyagraha (holding to the truth).

108
Q

What is ahisma?

A

Non-violence (ahiṃsā) was an intrinsic feature of India’s religious heritage.

109
Q

What is the Rashtriya Swamyamseval Sangh?

A
  • Concept of Hindutva became the ideological foundation of the Rashtriya Swamyamseval Sangh (Community of Volunteers for the Nation) (RSS).
    • Pressed for a distinctively Hindu state – without partitioning the country.
    • Other religions would recognize themselves as Hindu under the cultural category of Hindutva.
    • RSS was then banned by Nehru (Member of the Congress Party), the first Prime Minister of India – was firmly committed to making India a country whose political secularism showed no partiality towards any religious denomination.
110
Q

What is the Bharatiya Janata Party?

A
  • In 1980, a new political party formed - the BJP, Bharatiya Janata Party (Party of the People of India).
    • Had roots in the RSS and the VHP, Vishwa Hindu Parishad.
    • United Hindus from differing regions, caste groups under a religious symbol of dharmic government - Rām-rājya - the rule of the god-king Rāma.
111
Q

What is the vedanta society?

A

Swami Vivekananda Instituted plans for centers to be set up in the West to foster the teachings and practices of Hinduism (called vedanta society)

112
Q

What is the Transcendental Meditation (TM) Movement?

A
  • Maharishi Mahesh Yo Founder of Transcendental Meditation (TM) Movement.
  • TM consists of mantra repetition performed in 2 20 mins sessions per day.
  • Presented as a simple technique to reduce stress and promote mental tranquility.
113
Q

What is the International Society for Kṛṣṇa Consciousness (ISKCON)?

A
  • Swami Bhaktivedanta founder of the International Society for Kṛṣṇa Consciousness (ISKCON).
  • Attracted disciples – public chanting (kīrtana) of the Vaiṣṇava’s mahāmantra resulted in them being called Hare Kṛṣṇas.
114
Q

What is Brahmo Samaj?

A

Society of the absolute. Founded by Ram Mohan Moy in 1828

115
Q

What Arya Samaj?

A

Society of noble ones. Founded by Swami Dayānanda Sarasvati in 1875

116
Q

Who are the two most well-known leaders in the independence movement?

A
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak

- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

RELI 2510 A: Hinduism Final (7 decks)

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