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Key Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Small and simple cells like bacteria

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Animal and plant cells (complex cells)

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3
Q

Wht does the nucleus do

A

Contains dna for the cell and controls activities in the cell

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4
Q

What happens in Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place (contains enzymes)

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5
Q

What is Cell membranes job

A

Controls wht goes in and out

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6
Q

wht happens in the Mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration happens here

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7
Q

Wht does the ribosomes do

A

Proteins are made here

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8
Q

Wht does the Rigid cell wall do

A

Supports and strengthens cell PLANT ONLY

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9
Q

Wht is the Permanent vacuole

A

It is a weak solution of sugar and salts PLANT ONLY

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10
Q

What happens in the Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis PLANT ONLY

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11
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Magnification=image size/real size

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12
Q

Differentiation

A

The process of a cell becoming specialised for its job

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13
Q

Specialised cells

A

Different types of cells adapted for different functions

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14
Q

Chromosones

A

Found in the nucleus, Coiled up DNA molecules

Control characteristics

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division of chromosomes

Producing 2 identical cells

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16
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells without an adaption for a certain job, can be used in medicine because they can be adapted into differentiated cells the way doctors want

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles going from HIGHER CONCENTRATION to a LOWER CONCENTRATION

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of WATER from a HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF WATER to a LOWER CONCENTRATION OF WATER

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19
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A cell membrane with very small gaps so only small molecules like water can fit through (used in osmosis)

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20
Q

Active Transport

A

Process of substances moving from a LOWER CONCENTRATION to a HIGHER CONCENTRATION

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21
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up the chemical reactions in the body (the thing with the active site)

Need the right PH and temperature to not become denatured

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22
Q

Denatured

A

Enzymes which active site has changed shape and cannot react with any subsrates

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23
Q

Substrate

A

Reacts with enzymes for a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Active site

A

Substrate goes into active site and fits perfectly in it for the chemical reaction with the enzyme to happen

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25
Q

Rate of reaction formula

A

Rate of reaction=1000/time

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26
Q

Non communicable disease

A

Disease that doesn’t spread from person to person or animal to person

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27
Q

Risk factor

A

Things that increase chances of you getting a disaease

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28
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease that can spread from person or animal to another person

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29
Q

Xylem tubes

A

Take water up the plant

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30
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water in the plant caused by evaporation or diffusion

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31
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganisms that enter the body to cause disease they always cause communicable disease

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32
Q

Bacteria

A

Small living cells
Produce toxins damaging cells to make you ill
Reproduce rapidly in body

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33
Q

Viruses

A

Reproduce rapidly inside body damaging cells

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34
Q

Protists

A

Single celled

Can be a parasite

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35
Q

Fungi

A

Penetrate human skin

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36
Q

White blood cells

A

What fights pathogens in the immune system

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37
Q

Consumption-white blood cells

A

White blood cells Engulfing pathogens and digesting them

38
Q

Antibodies-white blood cells

A

Stop pathogens from working and tell other white blood cells where they are so they can be engulfed

39
Q

Antitoxins-white blood cells

A

Counter toxins to attack bacteria

40
Q

Vaccination

A

Protects from future injections

Injecting a weak or small amount of a pathogen so antibodies can be produced and someone becomes immune

41
Q

Immune

A

Pathogens are killed fast enough no symptoms are felt

42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Producing glucose in plants through the chloroplasts

43
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration with oxygen

44
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen

45
Q

What can affect rate of photosynthesis

A

CO2 concentration
Temperature
Light intensity

46
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structure and function

47
Q

Organs

A

Collection of tissues all working towards one particular function

48
Q

Organ system

A

Made up of organs all working together to perform specific functions

49
Q

Phloem

A

Tissue that transports sugars from photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant

50
Q

Stent

A

A metal mesh that is placed in the artery when someone has coronary heart disease to treat the disease

51
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Build up of fat in coronary arteries disturbing blood flow

52
Q

Vena cava

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

53
Q

Aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

54
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

55
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

56
Q

Natural Pacemakers

A

A technology placed into the heart when natural pacemakers (decides when the heart beats, pumps blood around the heart and body)in the heart stop working

57
Q

Artery and its properties

A

Carry oxygenated lood from heart to organs

58
Q

Carbohydrases

A

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates

59
Q

Protease

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

60
Q

Lipase

A

Enzymes that break down lipids

61
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme which breaks down starch

62
Q

What are proteins broken down into in digestion

A

Amino acids

63
Q

What are the 2 things things lipids are broken down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

64
Q

Lock and key theory

A

The substrate locking into the active site of the enzyme

65
Q

Metabolism

A

Reactions in the body

66
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Break food into soluble molecules to be digested

67
Q

Advantages of stem cells

A

Can cure many illnesses

Cells grow and divide rapidly

Some success in adult cells being un programmed into stem cells

Can get stem cells from umbilical cord

68
Q

Against stem cells

A

Needs cruel animal testing

An embryo must die to get stem cells usually

Might cause cancer

Slow, difficult and expensive

69
Q

Vein and its properties

A

Transport deoxygenated blood into heart after deoxygenated blood had been taken by artery

Thin walls

70
Q

Capillaries and its properties

A

Appear in eyes

Brings oxygen to tissue and takes away waste products

71
Q

How can pathogens get into the body

A

Through the nose and mouth

72
Q

How can pathognes spread

A

Tears, urine, touch, sneezing , coughing, air, water

73
Q

How can non communicable disease occur

A

Stress, nutrient deficiency
Genetics
Smoking/other life choices

74
Q

Radio therapy

A

Destroying cancer cells with radiation

75
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Destroying cancer with chemicals

76
Q

Carcinogens

A

Any chemical causing cancer

77
Q

Gas exchange

A

The gas exchange system gives oxygen to the blood stream by breathing it into the lungs so the oxygen can diffuse into blood stream then breathes out carbon dioxide diffused from the bloodstream

78
Q

Alveoli

A

Clusters of alveoli are in the lungs. Alveoli have very large surface area so that diffusion of oxygen and diffusion is most effective. Alveoli have alot of capillaries to make diffusion better as well

79
Q

Upper epidermis

A

No chloroplast
Waxy cuticle on top
Like skin

80
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

CO2 enters
Oxygen exits
Has the most chloroplasts
Light intensity is greatest in this part of the leaf

81
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

CO2 exits
Oxygen enters through stomata
Less light intensity

82
Q

Lower epidermis

A

Stomata is found here

Vapour and gases diffuses out of this

83
Q

Guard cell

A

No nucleus

Opens and closes (controls stomata) depending on temp ect.

84
Q

Leaf vein

A

Water and salt pass through here

Sugar goes to rest of plant through here

85
Q

Optimum temperature, PH ect.

A

Where rate of reaction is at its highest because of the temp, PH ect.

86
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells without a nucleus

Help blood clot at the size of a wound

87
Q

Herd immunity

A

When enough of a population is immune to a disease the ones who aren’t are safe

88
Q

What adaptations can be made to exchange materials

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane so diffusion can happen easier
Good blood supply for places where diffusion happens
Maintaining steep concentration gradients

89
Q

Concentration gradient

A

High to low concentration margain

90
Q

Exchanging materials

A

Transport of molecules in and out of cells

91
Q

How is SA:VA ratio linked to exchanging materials

A

By havin a small SA:VA ratio (large surface area, small volume) it is easier for exchanging materials

92
Q

How can diffusion be quick

A

If there is a high concentration gradient molecules will move faster to the low gradient

Biology (3 decks)

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