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Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Small and simple cells like bacteria

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Animal and plant cells (complex cells)

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3
Q

Wht does the nucleus do

A

Contains dna for the cell and controls activities in the cell

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4
Q

What happens in Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place (contains enzymes)

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5
Q

What is Cell membranes job

A

Controls wht goes in and out

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6
Q

wht happens in the Mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration happens here

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7
Q

Wht does the ribosomes do

A

Proteins are made here

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8
Q

Wht does the Rigid cell wall do

A

Supports and strengthens cell PLANT ONLY

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9
Q

Wht is the Permanent vacuole

A

It is a weak solution of sugar and salts PLANT ONLY

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10
Q

What happens in the Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis PLANT ONLY

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11
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Magnification=image size/real size

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12
Q

Differentiation

A

The process of a cell becoming specialised for its job

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13
Q

Specialised cells

A

Different types of cells adapted for different functions

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14
Q

Chromosones

A

Found in the nucleus, Coiled up DNA molecules

Control characteristics

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division of chromosomes

Producing 2 identical cells

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16
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells without an adaption for a certain job, can be used in medicine because they can be adapted into differentiated cells the way doctors want

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles going from HIGHER CONCENTRATION to a LOWER CONCENTRATION

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of WATER from a HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF WATER to a LOWER CONCENTRATION OF WATER

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19
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A cell membrane with very small gaps so only small molecules like water can fit through (used in osmosis)

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20
Q

Active Transport

A

Process of substances moving from a LOWER CONCENTRATION to a HIGHER CONCENTRATION

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21
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up the chemical reactions in the body (the thing with the active site)

Need the right PH and temperature to not become denatured

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22
Q

Denatured

A

Enzymes which active site has changed shape and cannot react with any subsrates

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23
Q

Substrate

A

Reacts with enzymes for a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Active site

A

Substrate goes into active site and fits perfectly in it for the chemical reaction with the enzyme to happen

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25
Rate of reaction formula
Rate of reaction=1000/time
26
Non communicable disease
Disease that doesn't spread from person to person or animal to person
27
Risk factor
Things that increase chances of you getting a disaease
28
Communicable disease
Disease that can spread from person or animal to another person
29
Xylem tubes
Take water up the plant
30
Transpiration
Loss of water in the plant caused by evaporation or diffusion
31
Pathogen
Microorganisms that enter the body to cause disease they always cause communicable disease
32
Bacteria
Small living cells Produce toxins damaging cells to make you ill Reproduce rapidly in body
33
Viruses
Reproduce rapidly inside body damaging cells
34
Protists
Single celled | Can be a parasite
35
Fungi
Penetrate human skin
36
White blood cells
What fights pathogens in the immune system
37
Consumption-white blood cells
White blood cells Engulfing pathogens and digesting them
38
Antibodies-white blood cells
Stop pathogens from working and tell other white blood cells where they are so they can be engulfed
39
Antitoxins-white blood cells
Counter toxins to attack bacteria
40
Vaccination
Protects from future injections | Injecting a weak or small amount of a pathogen so antibodies can be produced and someone becomes immune
41
Immune
Pathogens are killed fast enough no symptoms are felt
42
Photosynthesis
Producing glucose in plants through the chloroplasts
43
Aerobic respiration
Respiration with oxygen
44
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration without oxygen
45
What can affect rate of photosynthesis
CO2 concentration Temperature Light intensity
46
Tissue
Group of cells with similar structure and function
47
Organs
Collection of tissues all working towards one particular function
48
Organ system
Made up of organs all working together to perform specific functions
49
Phloem
Tissue that transports sugars from photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant
50
Stent
A metal mesh that is placed in the artery when someone has coronary heart disease to treat the disease
51
Coronary heart disease
Build up of fat in coronary arteries disturbing blood flow
52
Vena cava
Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
53
Aorta
Carries oxygenated blood around the body
54
Pulmonary artery
Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
55
Pulmonary vein
Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs
56
Natural Pacemakers
A technology placed into the heart when natural pacemakers (decides when the heart beats, pumps blood around the heart and body)in the heart stop working
57
Artery and its properties
Carry oxygenated lood from heart to organs
58
Carbohydrases
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates
59
Protease
Enzymes that break down proteins
60
Lipase
Enzymes that break down lipids
61
Amylase
An enzyme which breaks down starch
62
What are proteins broken down into in digestion
Amino acids
63
What are the 2 things things lipids are broken down into
fatty acids and glycerol
64
Lock and key theory
The substrate locking into the active site of the enzyme
65
Metabolism
Reactions in the body
66
Digestive enzymes
Break food into soluble molecules to be digested
67
Advantages of stem cells
Can cure many illnesses Cells grow and divide rapidly Some success in adult cells being un programmed into stem cells Can get stem cells from umbilical cord
68
Against stem cells
Needs cruel animal testing An embryo must die to get stem cells usually Might cause cancer Slow, difficult and expensive
69
Vein and its properties
Transport deoxygenated blood into heart after deoxygenated blood had been taken by artery Thin walls
70
Capillaries and its properties
Appear in eyes Brings oxygen to tissue and takes away waste products
71
How can pathogens get into the body
Through the nose and mouth
72
How can pathognes spread
Tears, urine, touch, sneezing , coughing, air, water
73
How can non communicable disease occur
Stress, nutrient deficiency Genetics Smoking/other life choices
74
Radio therapy
Destroying cancer cells with radiation
75
Chemotherapy
Destroying cancer with chemicals
76
Carcinogens
Any chemical causing cancer
77
Gas exchange
The gas exchange system gives oxygen to the blood stream by breathing it into the lungs so the oxygen can diffuse into blood stream then breathes out carbon dioxide diffused from the bloodstream
78
Alveoli
Clusters of alveoli are in the lungs. Alveoli have very large surface area so that diffusion of oxygen and diffusion is most effective. Alveoli have alot of capillaries to make diffusion better as well
79
Upper epidermis
No chloroplast Waxy cuticle on top Like skin
80
Palisade mesophyll
CO2 enters Oxygen exits Has the most chloroplasts Light intensity is greatest in this part of the leaf
81
Spongy mesophyll
CO2 exits Oxygen enters through stomata Less light intensity
82
Lower epidermis
Stomata is found here | Vapour and gases diffuses out of this
83
Guard cell
No nucleus | Opens and closes (controls stomata) depending on temp ect.
84
Leaf vein
Water and salt pass through here | Sugar goes to rest of plant through here
85
Optimum temperature, PH ect.
Where rate of reaction is at its highest because of the temp, PH ect.
86
Platelets
Small fragments of cells without a nucleus Help blood clot at the size of a wound
87
Herd immunity
When enough of a population is immune to a disease the ones who aren't are safe
88
What adaptations can be made to exchange materials
Large surface area Thin membrane so diffusion can happen easier Good blood supply for places where diffusion happens Maintaining steep concentration gradients
89
Concentration gradient
High to low concentration margain
90
Exchanging materials
Transport of molecules in and out of cells
91
How is SA:VA ratio linked to exchanging materials
By havin a small SA:VA ratio (large surface area, small volume) it is easier for exchanging materials
92
How can diffusion be quick
If there is a high concentration gradient molecules will move faster to the low gradient

Biology (3 decks)

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