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contemporary urban environments > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas to rural areas

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2
Q

what is urban growth

A

an increase in the number of urban dwellers

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3
Q

what is urban expansion

A

the spread of urban areas into the surrounding countryside, e.g. the increases geographical area of urban areas

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4
Q

what is urban resurgence

A

population movement from rural back to urban areas often as a result of urban development

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5
Q

what is suburbanisation

A

the movement of people away from the city centre into the suburbs

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6
Q

what is counter urbanisation

A

the movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas thereby lead frogging the rural-urban fringe

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7
Q

what are megacities

A

a city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people

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8
Q

what is a world city

A

these are cities in which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power. These cities have traditionally sat at the top of the global hierarchy

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9
Q

what is globalisation

A

the increasing interconnectedness of the world economy, cultures, politics and society

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10
Q

what is infrastructure

A

relates to the services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions.
These primarily consist of transport communications, communications of infrastructure, water supply, sewers, electrical grids etc.

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11
Q

what is an agglomeration economy

A

in theory city productivity will increase with size

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12
Q

what is migration

A

the movement of people around the world

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13
Q

what is transport

A

a technology that moves people around

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14
Q

what is trade

A

the action of buying and selling good and services

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15
Q

what does demographics mean

A

the statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

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16
Q

what is deindustrialization

A

refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century

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17
Q

what is regeneration

A

a longer term process involving redevelopment and use pf social, economic and environmental action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities

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18
Q

what is gentrification

A

the process of renovating Gand improving a house or district so the it conforms to middle-class tastes

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19
Q

what is an exurbs/edge city

A

a self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond its original city boundary and developed as a city in its own rights

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20
Q

what is a fortress developments

A

this term refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion

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21
Q

what is postmodernism

A

a philosophical movement that sees western world society as an outdates lifestyle that is impersonal and faceless

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22
Q

what is immigration

A

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

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23
Q

what is a microclimate

A

the small-scale variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and evaporation that occur in a particular environment such as an urban area

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24
Q

what is an urban canyon

A

when wind is redirected down long straight canyon-like streets where there is less friction

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25
Q

what is the Venturi effect

A

the squeezing of wind into an increasingly now gap resulting in a wind pressure decrease and velocity increase

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26
Q

what is pollution

A

the presence in or introduction into he environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects

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27
Q

what is channelisation

A

widening, deepening and straightening a river channel with concrete

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28
Q

what are SuDS

A

this is a relatively new approach to managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding, and provide amenity for the community

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29
Q

what is a swale

A

a wide-shallow drainage channel that Is normally dry. The act as a back up to when a river overflows to stop flooding

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30
Q

what is a permeable surface

A

the use of a porous black paving and concrete to create pavements and roads. They allow water to infiltrate into the ground, reducing surface run-off

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31
Q

what is an infiltration trench

A

gravel filled drains and filter strips

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32
Q

what is a bioretention basin

A

gravel and/or sand in a waterproof lined basin to hold water in the basin where plants and trees grow

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33
Q

what are green roofs

A

roofs covered with wildflower habitats to reduce runoff to gutters

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34
Q

what Is afforestation

A

planting trees and vegetation to establish woodland and forests

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35
Q

what is river restoration

A

refers to the variety of management techniques aimed at restoring the natural state and function of the river system

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36
Q

what is domestic waste

A

waste generated as a result of household activities

37
Q

what is commercial waste

A

waste from offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments

38
Q

what is animal and vegetable waste

A

resulting from the handling, storage, sale, cooking and saving of food

39
Q

what is industrial waste

A

from institutions that include waste that is considered hazardous to public health and the environment

40
Q

what is ashes

A

residues from burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible material s

41
Q

what is bulky waster

A

includes domestic furniture and white goods, commercial packaging and containers and industrial crates, palettes and metal banding

42
Q

what is street sweeping waste

A

waste including paper, cupboard, plastic, dirt, dust, leaves and other vegetable matter

43
Q

what is municipal waste

A

results from municipal activities and services and included dead animals, market wastes and abandoned vehicles

44
Q

what is construction or demolition waste

A

consists mainly of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, timbers, roofing and plumbing material, heating systems and electrical wires

45
Q

what is industrial water

A

covers a vast Ange of substances which are unique to each industry

46
Q

what is biodegradable waste

A

food and kitchen water, been waste and newspapers

47
Q

what is recyclable waste

A

paper, carboardm glass, bottles, jars, tins, cans, aluminium cans, aluminium foil, metals, certain plastics etc

48
Q

what is electrical waste

A

electrical appliances, light bulbs and other electrical goods

49
Q

what id composite waste

A

waste clothing, drink cartons and waste plastics

50
Q

what is hazardous waste

A

paints, chemicals, tyres, batteries, light bulbs., electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps etc

51
Q

what is toxic waste

A

pesticides, herbicides and fungicides

52
Q

what is landfill

A

disposal of waste materials by burying them, especially as a method of filling In and reclaiming excavated pits

53
Q

what is incineration

A

the destruction of waste material by burning or combusting

54
Q

what is recycling

A

the action or process of converting waste into reusable materials

55
Q

what is atmospheric pollution

A

pollution that exists in the atmosphere

56
Q

what is water pollution

A

pollution which exists in the waterways

57
Q

what is dereliction

A

the state of having been abandoned

58
Q

what is a brownfield site

A

unused sites that have been previously used for something else

59
Q

what is a liveability

A

characteristics of a city which improve the quality of life for the people living there

60
Q

what is sustainability

A

supplying the needs of the current generation without hindering the ability for future generations to meet their needs

61
Q

what is formal employment

A

employment that is registered by the government, and so taxes are paid

62
Q

what is informal employment

A

employment that does not have a contract, and tends to be more cash under the tables, so taxes are unlikely paid

63
Q

what is the primary industry

A

industry that involves collecting raw materials such as farming or mining

64
Q

what is the secondary industry

A

industry that involves manufacturing

65
Q

what is tertiary industry

A

industry that involves providing a service

66
Q

what is the quaternary industry

A

industry that involves research and development

67
Q

what it the CBD (central business district)

A

the central area of a city, whee there is little residential area, and is instead filled with business and retail, along with the historical sites of the city. It is the hub of the city

68
Q

what is the inner city

A

the area near the centre of a city, especially when associated with social and economic problems

69
Q

what is the outer city

A

the area between the suburbs and the inner city. The population density begins to decrease here

70
Q

what is a the suburbs

A

the outside of inner city. This is whee houses start to become detached and people have more space

71
Q

what is the computer zone

A

the area on the outskirts of a city that people commute to the city for work

72
Q

what is the residential area

A

the areas of housing

73
Q

what are green areas

A

areas within the city that have not been built on including parks

74
Q

what is out of town retail developments

A

areas, like business parks, but dedicated to shopping so that people do not have to go into harder to access city centres

75
Q

what is a business or science park

A

developments on the edge of cities where company officers and light industrial premises are built

76
Q

what is industry

A

economic activity conceded with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories

77
Q

what is cultural diversity

A

it is the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within society

78
Q

what is photochemical pollution

A

a form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and in the presence of sunlight low level ozone forms. It is associated with high pressure weather systems

79
Q

what are greenfield sites

A

areas of land that have not yet been built on or been used for industry

80
Q

what is a greenbelt

A

an area of natural land surrounding a city on which it is difficult to gain planning permission, to prevent urban sprawl

81
Q

what is economic inequality

A

the difference between levels of living standard, income etc., across the whole economic distribution

82
Q

what is a sustainable city

A

a city which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all its residents

83
Q

what is sustainable development

A

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needa

84
Q

what is organic growth

A

urban expansion that has not yet been planned, and is the result of years of urbanisation

85
Q

what is inorganic growth

A

urban expansion that has been planned so that it is sustainable

86
Q

what are pull effects

A

things that cause people to move to an area

-job opportunities, money etc

87
Q

what are push factors

A

things that cause people to move away from an area

88
Q

what is urban agglomeration

A

considered the extent of the contiguous urban area or built up area to delineate the city’s boundaries

89
Q

what is a metropolitan area

A

defines its boundaries according to the degrees of economic and social interconnections of nearby areas
- in other term it a city and its surrounding suburbs

contemporary urban environments (2 decks)

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