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key terms Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas to rural areas

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2
Q

what is urban growth

A

an increase in the number of urban dwellers

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3
Q

what is urban expansion

A

the spread of urban areas into the surrounding countryside, e.g. the increases geographical area of urban areas

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4
Q

what is urban resurgence

A

population movement from rural back to urban areas often as a result of urban development

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5
Q

what is suburbanisation

A

the movement of people away from the city centre into the suburbs

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6
Q

what is counter urbanisation

A

the movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas thereby lead frogging the rural-urban fringe

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7
Q

what are megacities

A

a city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people

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8
Q

what is a world city

A

these are cities in which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power. These cities have traditionally sat at the top of the global hierarchy

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9
Q

what is globalisation

A

the increasing interconnectedness of the world economy, cultures, politics and society

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10
Q

what is infrastructure

A

relates to the services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions.
These primarily consist of transport communications, communications of infrastructure, water supply, sewers, electrical grids etc.

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11
Q

what is an agglomeration economy

A

in theory city productivity will increase with size

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12
Q

what is migration

A

the movement of people around the world

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13
Q

what is transport

A

a technology that moves people around

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14
Q

what is trade

A

the action of buying and selling good and services

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15
Q

what does demographics mean

A

the statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

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16
Q

what is deindustrialization

A

refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century

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17
Q

what is regeneration

A

a longer term process involving redevelopment and use pf social, economic and environmental action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities

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18
Q

what is gentrification

A

the process of renovating Gand improving a house or district so the it conforms to middle-class tastes

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19
Q

what is an exurbs/edge city

A

a self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond its original city boundary and developed as a city in its own rights

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20
Q

what is a fortress developments

A

this term refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion

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21
Q

what is postmodernism

A

a philosophical movement that sees western world society as an outdates lifestyle that is impersonal and faceless

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22
Q

what is immigration

A

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

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23
Q

what is a microclimate

A

the small-scale variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and evaporation that occur in a particular environment such as an urban area

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24
Q

what is an urban canyon

A

when wind is redirected down long straight canyon-like streets where there is less friction

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25
what is the Venturi effect
the squeezing of wind into an increasingly now gap resulting in a wind pressure decrease and velocity increase
26
what is pollution
the presence in or introduction into he environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects
27
what is channelisation
widening, deepening and straightening a river channel with concrete
28
what are SuDS
this is a relatively new approach to managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding, and provide amenity for the community
29
what is a swale
a wide-shallow drainage channel that Is normally dry. The act as a back up to when a river overflows to stop flooding
30
what is a permeable surface
the use of a porous black paving and concrete to create pavements and roads. They allow water to infiltrate into the ground, reducing surface run-off
31
what is an infiltration trench
gravel filled drains and filter strips
32
what is a bioretention basin
gravel and/or sand in a waterproof lined basin to hold water in the basin where plants and trees grow
33
what are green roofs
roofs covered with wildflower habitats to reduce runoff to gutters
34
what Is afforestation
planting trees and vegetation to establish woodland and forests
35
what is river restoration
refers to the variety of management techniques aimed at restoring the natural state and function of the river system
36
what is domestic waste
waste generated as a result of household activities
37
what is commercial waste
waste from offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments
38
what is animal and vegetable waste
resulting from the handling, storage, sale, cooking and saving of food
39
what is industrial waste
from institutions that include waste that is considered hazardous to public health and the environment
40
what is ashes
residues from burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible material s
41
what is bulky waster
includes domestic furniture and white goods, commercial packaging and containers and industrial crates, palettes and metal banding
42
what is street sweeping waste
waste including paper, cupboard, plastic, dirt, dust, leaves and other vegetable matter
43
what is municipal waste
results from municipal activities and services and included dead animals, market wastes and abandoned vehicles
44
what is construction or demolition waste
consists mainly of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, timbers, roofing and plumbing material, heating systems and electrical wires
45
what is industrial water
covers a vast Ange of substances which are unique to each industry
46
what is biodegradable waste
food and kitchen water, been waste and newspapers
47
what is recyclable waste
paper, carboardm glass, bottles, jars, tins, cans, aluminium cans, aluminium foil, metals, certain plastics etc
48
what is electrical waste
electrical appliances, light bulbs and other electrical goods
49
what id composite waste
waste clothing, drink cartons and waste plastics
50
what is hazardous waste
paints, chemicals, tyres, batteries, light bulbs., electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps etc
51
what is toxic waste
pesticides, herbicides and fungicides
52
what is landfill
disposal of waste materials by burying them, especially as a method of filling In and reclaiming excavated pits
53
what is incineration
the destruction of waste material by burning or combusting
54
what is recycling
the action or process of converting waste into reusable materials
55
what is atmospheric pollution
pollution that exists in the atmosphere
56
what is water pollution
pollution which exists in the waterways
57
what is dereliction
the state of having been abandoned
58
what is a brownfield site
unused sites that have been previously used for something else
59
what is a liveability
characteristics of a city which improve the quality of life for the people living there
60
what is sustainability
supplying the needs of the current generation without hindering the ability for future generations to meet their needs
61
what is formal employment
employment that is registered by the government, and so taxes are paid
62
what is informal employment
employment that does not have a contract, and tends to be more cash under the tables, so taxes are unlikely paid
63
what is the primary industry
industry that involves collecting raw materials such as farming or mining
64
what is the secondary industry
industry that involves manufacturing
65
what is tertiary industry
industry that involves providing a service
66
what is the quaternary industry
industry that involves research and development
67
what it the CBD (central business district)
the central area of a city, whee there is little residential area, and is instead filled with business and retail, along with the historical sites of the city. It is the hub of the city
68
what is the inner city
the area near the centre of a city, especially when associated with social and economic problems
69
what is the outer city
the area between the suburbs and the inner city. The population density begins to decrease here
70
what is a the suburbs
the outside of inner city. This is whee houses start to become detached and people have more space
71
what is the computer zone
the area on the outskirts of a city that people commute to the city for work
72
what is the residential area
the areas of housing
73
what are green areas
areas within the city that have not been built on including parks
74
what is out of town retail developments
areas, like business parks, but dedicated to shopping so that people do not have to go into harder to access city centres
75
what is a business or science park
developments on the edge of cities where company officers and light industrial premises are built
76
what is industry
economic activity conceded with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
77
what is cultural diversity
it is the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within society
78
what is photochemical pollution
a form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and in the presence of sunlight low level ozone forms. It is associated with high pressure weather systems
79
what are greenfield sites
areas of land that have not yet been built on or been used for industry
80
what is a greenbelt
an area of natural land surrounding a city on which it is difficult to gain planning permission, to prevent urban sprawl
81
what is economic inequality
the difference between levels of living standard, income etc., across the whole economic distribution
82
what is a sustainable city
a city which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all its residents
83
what is sustainable development
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needa
84
what is organic growth
urban expansion that has not yet been planned, and is the result of years of urbanisation
85
what is inorganic growth
urban expansion that has been planned so that it is sustainable
86
what are pull effects
things that cause people to move to an area | -job opportunities, money etc
87
what are push factors
things that cause people to move away from an area
88
what is urban agglomeration
considered the extent of the contiguous urban area or built up area to delineate the city's boundaries
89
what is a metropolitan area
defines its boundaries according to the degrees of economic and social interconnections of nearby areas - in other term it a city and its surrounding suburbs

contemporary urban environments (2 decks)

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