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Collapse of Burning Buildings > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Active Fire Protection

A

fire protection provided by automatic sprinklers and firefighters hose streams

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2
Q

Arch

A

A curved masonry structure used as a support over an open space

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3
Q

Balloon Construction

A

One of three basic methods of constructing wood-frame residential buildings. Exterior walls have studs extending continuously from the structure’s foundation sill to the top plate near the attic. 90 degree angle collapse

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4
Q

Beams

A

A beam is a horizontal structural member subject to compression, tension, shear

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5
Q

Cantilever Beam

A

a beam supported or anchored at only one end. least amount of structural stability

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6
Q

Continuous Beam Support

A

A beam supported at both ends and at the center. Greatest structural stability.

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7
Q

Simple Supported Beam

A

A beam supported at both ends. More stable than cantilever, less than continuous

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8
Q

Brace-framed construction (post-and-girt)

A

Vertical timbers called posts reinforce each of four corners of structure, and horizontal members called girts reinforce each floor level. Mortise and tenon joints. Inward/outward collapse

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9
Q

Bridge truss

A

a perpendicular truss used in steel bar truss floor systems to provide lateral stability

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10
Q

Buttress

A

A wall reinforcement of a brace built on the outside of a structure sometimes called a “wall column”

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11
Q

Cold-formed steel beam

A

A sheet steel C-beam used in lightweight steel floor construction

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12
Q

Collapse

A

The failure of any portion of structure during a fire

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13
Q

Curtain wall collapse

A

Occurs when an exterior masonry wall drops like a falling curtain

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14
Q

Inward/Outward collapse

A

The collapse of an exterior wall that breaks apart horizontally. Top collapses inward and bottom collapses outward.

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15
Q

Lean-Over collapse

A

A type of wood frame building collapse indicated by the structure slowly starting to lean or tilt.

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16
Q

Ninety degree angle collapse

A

The wall falls straight out as a monolithic piece at a 90 degree angle, similar to falling tree.

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17
Q

Pancake floor collapse

A

The collapse of one floor section down upon the floor below in a flat, pancake-like configuration.

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18
Q

Secondary collapse

A

The collapse of portions of burning taller structures on to smaller structures, causing collapse of smaller buildings.

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19
Q

Tent floor collapse

A

Floor collapse in shape of tent. When an interior partition wall holds up the center of the fallen floor.

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20
Q

V-shaped floor collapse

A

The collapse of the floor at the center of the floor beams. Both ends of floor remain partially supported against outer bearing wall.

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21
Q

Column

A

A vertical structural member subject to compressive forces. Bearing part of vertical framework

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22
Q

Primary structural members

A

Column, beam, and girders

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23
Q

Convenience stair

A

An opening in a floor slab for a stair between floors

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24
Q

Coping Stone

A

The top masonry tile or stone of a parapet wall. Weighs 5 to 50 pounds.

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25
Q

Corbel

A

Bracket or extension of masonry that projects form a masonry wall. Decorative or to support a roof beam end. Called corbel ledge or shelf if used to support a beam

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26
Q

Corner safe areas

A

Four flanking zones around a burning building.

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27
Q

Deck

A

A horizontal surface covering supported by a floor or roof beam

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28
Q

Deflection

A

A bend, twist, or curve of a structural element under a load.

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29
Q

Facade

A

The front face of a building. Four Collapse dangers- marquee, cornice, canopy, or parapet wall.

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30
Q

Ornamental facade parapet wall with decorative stone corbel

A

One of most unstable walls a firefighter will encounter

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31
Q

Fire cut beam

A

A gravity-support beam end designed to release itself from the masonry wall during a collapse. Cut at an angle. Causes early floor collapse

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32
Q

Fire load

A

measure of maximum heat release when all combustible material in a given fire area is burned

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33
Q

Fire resistance rating

A

A relative rating to indicate in hours how long a wall, floor, ceiling, beam, or column will sustain performance during a fire.

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34
Q

Fluted metal (Steel) deck

A

wavy piece of sheet steel deck used to support a concrete floor (corrugated metal deck)

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35
Q

force

A

The cause of motion, a change in motion, or stoppage of motion.

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36
Q

External force

A

load such as dead load, live load, wind load, or impact load

37
Q

Internal force

A

Stress- compressive, tension, or shear

38
Q

Frame tube construction

A

Building has tubular hollow exterior (perimeter columns) bearing walls. Varies in thickness from 4 inches to 1/4 inch near top

39
Q

Girder

A

A structural element that supports a floor or roof beam

40
Q

Global collapse

A

total collapse of a building

41
Q

gravity load

A

A combination of dead load and live load

42
Q

Gusset Plate

A

metal fastener in the form of a flat plate used to connect structural members. sheet metal surface fastener is 1/4 inch thick piece of sheet metal. Points only 1/2 inch long

43
Q

hat truss

A

A means of load distribution connecting core columns and perimeter columns

44
Q

Header Beam

A

A support used to reinforce an opening in the floor of a wood frame ordinary or heavy timber building

45
Q

Hierarchy of building elements

A 
Deck                  Least
Beams, floor, and roof
Girder
Column
Bearing wall     Greatest
46
Q

I-Beam

A

Wood or steel I-beam consists of a center called a web section and top and bottom flanges.

47
Q

Joist

A

A piece of lumber used as a floor or roof beam. Joist, beam, and rafter are used interchangeably

48
Q

Interstitial Space

A

A concealed space between floors used to contain large mechanical and electrical equipment. Can be up to 8 ft high

49
Q

KIP

A

One kip equals 1,000 pounds

50
Q

Laminated beam

A

a glued or layered compression beam

51
Q

Lintel

A

A horizontal piece of timber, stone, or steel placed over an opening in a wall. Load bearing structural element that supports and distributes a load over an opening.

52
Q

Axial load

A

load passes through the center of a structure and is the most efficient manner by which a load can be transmitted through a structural support

53
Q

Concentrated Load

A

A load applied at one point or within a limited area of a structure. (bathtub)

54
Q

Dead Load

A

One of the five major loads that must be considered in the design of building. Static or fixed load created by the structure itself and all permanent equipment within.

55
Q

Eccentric Load

A

A load transmitted off-center or unevenly through a structural member

56
Q

Impact Load

A

A load applied to a structure suddenly, a shock

57
Q

Lateral Load

A

Any type of load applied to an upright structure from a direction parallel to the ground. Wind

58
Q

Live load

A

A transient or movable load

59
Q

Static Load

A

A load that remains constant, applied slowly

60
Q

Torsional Load

A

A load that creates a twisting stress on a structural members

61
Q

Wind Load

A

A lateral load imposed on a structure by wind

62
Q

Load Stress

A

An internal stress created by a load in a structural element, including compression, tension, and shear stresses

63
Q

Mortise

A

A structural connection often used in braced-frame construction, it is a hole cut into a timber to receive a tenon

64
Q

Multilevel floor collapse

A

A floor failure that causes one or more floors below and one or more walls to collpase

65
Q

Open web steel bar joists

A

A lightweight steel truss used as a floor or roof beam

66
Q

Passive fire protection

A

The fire containment provided by a structure

67
Q

Pilaster

A

A masonry column bonded to and built as an integral part of the inside of a masonry wall

68
Q

Platform wood construction

A

One complete level of 2x4 inch wood enclosing walls raised and nailed together. the floor beams and deck for the next level are constructed on top these walls

69
Q

Primary structural members

A

A structure that supports another structural member in the same building

70
Q

Progressive collapse

A

When initial structural failure spreads from structural element to structural element resulting in the collapse of an entire structure

71
Q

Purlin

A

A timber laid horizontally perpendicular to support the common rafters of a roof

72
Q

Restrained Beam End

A

A welded, nailed, bolted, or cemented end of a floor or roof beam

73
Q

Ridgepole

A

A horizontal timber that frames the highest point of a peak roof. Roof rafters fastened to it

74
Q

Roof

A

The sheltering structure of a building that protects the interior space from natural elements

75
Q

Safety Factor

A

Quotient of the load that will cause a structure to collapse divided by the load of a structure is designed to support

76
Q

Stress

A

A force exerted upon a structural member that strains or deforms its shape

77
Q

Compression

A

A force pressing or squeezing a structure together.

78
Q

Shear

A

A stress causing a structure to collapse when contacting parts or layers of the structure slide past one another

79
Q

Tension

A

Stress placed on a structural member by the pull of forces causing extension

80
Q

Suspended Ceiling

A

Ceiling built several inches or feet below the supporting roof or floor beams above

81
Q

Tenon

A

A projecting, reduced portion of a timber designed to be inserted into the mortise hole of another timber

82
Q

Terrazzo

A

A polished floor covering made of small marble chips set in several inches of cement

83
Q

Timber

A

Wood larger than 2x4 inches

84
Q

Trimmer Beam

A

A wood beam constructed around the perimeter of a floor opening

85
Q

Truss

A

A braced arrangement of steel or wood-frame work made with triangular connecting members

86
Q

Unrestrained Beam End

A

A beam end resting on a support, held in place only by gravity

87
Q

Spandrel Wall

A

The portion of an exterior wall between the top of one window opening the the bottom of another

88
Q

Wall Hierarchy

A

scale of wall stability during destruction by fire, based upon the stability of a wall created by the number of interconnections the wall has with the structure

89
Q

Vertical Collapse Zone

A

distance equal to the height of the wall, distance equal to one and one half, or two times the height of the wall

Collapse of Burning Buildings (1 decks)

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