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Criminal Psychology > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Violent offences

A

Aggressive crimes resulting in physical harm or death to the victim.

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2
Q

Drug related offences

A

Crimes involving trading in or using illegal substances

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3
Q

Acquisitive offences

A

Crimes where capital or belongings are acquired through illegal means e.g. theft

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4
Q

Sexual offences

A

Crimes where a victim victim is forced to commit or submit to a sexual act against their will

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5
Q

Anti-social offences

A

Criminal acts that cause harassment, alarm or distress to people who do not share a home with the perpetrator

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6
Q

Subjectivity

A

Based on personal opinion rather than fact

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7
Q

Social construct

A

A concept that exists as the result of interactions between people who make up a society

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8
Q

Deviation from norms

A

When an act or behaviour goes against the accepted standards of a society

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9
Q

Culture

A

A collective set of norms and values that determine the way of life of a group of people

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10
Q

Anti-social behaviour

A

Behaviour by a person which causes or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as the person

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11
Q

Self-report

A

A method that involves participants reporting on themselves through answering questions

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12
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

A theory that explains behaviour in terms of observation and imitation

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13
Q

Role model

A

A person held in esteem by another

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14
Q

Identification

A

The process where a person aligns themselves with another

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15
Q

Observation

A

The process where people pay attention to behaviours and retain them in memory

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16
Q

Imitation

A

A process where people recall behaviours and reproduce them in their on actions

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17
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

When a behaviour is strengthened by an individual observing this same behaviour and being rewarded in another

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18
Q

Direct reinforcement

A

When a behaviour is strengthened an likely to be repeated due to positive outcomes for the individual

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19
Q

Internalisation

A

The process whereby a behaviour becomes an integral part of an individual’s personality due to continuous reinforcement

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20
Q

Consequences

A

The result of something, usually negative

21
Q

Aggression

A

Spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone

22
Q

Arousal

A

Activation of the nervous system making individuals awake, alert and attentive

23
Q

Disinhibition

A

When people have a lack of control over their own behaviour because they are not concerned about what is expected

24
Q

Criminal personality

A

A set of relatively fixed traits associated with people who commit crimes

25
Q

Genetic inheritance

A

When genetic information is passed on from parents to child through the pairing of chromosomes at conception

26
Q

Extraversion

A

A trait measuring how out-going an individual is

27
Q

Neuroticism

A

A trait measuring how anxious an individual is

28
Q

Psychoticism

A

A trait measuring how impulsive and aggressive an individual is

29
Q

Biological

A

Relating to brain and body

30
Q

CNS

A

A system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out

31
Q

Reticular activation system

A

A neural network that mediates consciousness and alertness

32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain which is important for conscious awareness

33
Q

Dopamine reward system

A

A neural network that is responsible for people experiencing pleasure

34
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

The system responsible for unconscious control of the body’s internal organs

35
Q

Limbic system

A

A neural network that controls emotional expression

36
Q

Dopaminergic neurons

A

Nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

37
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

The process where neurotransmitters are released by a a presynaptic neuron and bind to and activate the receptors of postsynaptic neuron

38
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning by association and consequence

39
Q

Early socialisation

A

The process where young children are conditioned to accept the norms and values of their family and wider society

40
Q

Individual differences

A

How people are unique and different from on another

41
Q

Self-esteem

A

How much an individual values themselves

42
Q

Punishment

A

When negative consequences follow a certain behaviour and reduce the chance of that behaviour and reduces the chance of that behaviour happening again

43
Q

Prison

A

A place where people are confined as a punishment

44
Q

Fine

A

A monetary charge imposed on an individual who has committed an offence

45
Q

Community sentence

A

Time that has to be given back to the community in the form of unpaid work

46
Q

Deterrent

A

Something that reduces the likelihood of a crime being committed

47
Q

Rehabilitation

A

The process of reintegrating a convicted person back into society, with the aim that they will no longer want to commit crimes

48
Q

Pro-social behaviour

A

Behaviour that involves us being caring, helping and sharing. We may show pro-social behaviour because we are concerned about the well-being of others around us.

49
Q

Restorative justice

A

A way of rehabilitating offenders by giving them the choice to be aware of the consequences of their actions

Criminal Psychology (1 decks)

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