Key Terms Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
MSCs
A
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
2
Q
Immunomodulation
A
Any process in which an immune response is altered to a desired level.
3
Q
Histamine
A
An organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching.
4
Q
Inflammation
A
Part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair.
5
Q
Anti-inflammatory Activity
A
the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling.
6
Q
Angiogenesis
A
The development of new blood vessels.
7
Q
Angio-
A
Relating to blood vessels
8
Q
Apoptosis
A
(from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις “falling off”) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death.
9
Q
Antiapoptotic
A
The quality of something that prevents apoptosis
10
Q
Secretome
A
The term secretome was coined by Tjalsma and colleagues to denote all the factors secreted by a cell, along with the secretory pathway constituents.[1] This definition of secretome was revised to include only proteins secreted into the extracellular space.
11
Q
Soluble
A
The ability of a substance to be dissolved in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent.
12
Q
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
A
A generic term for all secreted vesicles. EVs may be broadly classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies according to their cellular origin
13
Q
Apoptotic Body
A
A vesicle containing parts of a dying cell. Apoptotic bodies can be formed during the execution phase of the apoptotic process, when the cell’s cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward. (1-5 μm)
14
Q
Exosomes
A
Cell-derived vesicles that are present in many, and perhaps all, eukaryotic fluids including blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and cultured medium of cell cultures. Secreted by multivesicular bodies (40-100 nm)
15
Q
Microvesicles
A
Derived from plasma membrane shedding. a type of extracellular vesicle, between 50 and 1,000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, found in many types of body fluids as well as the interstitial space between cells. Microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles containing phospholipids shed from almost all cell types. Not to be confused with smaller intracellularly generated extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Microvesicles play a role in intercellular communication and can transport mRNA, miRNA, and proteins between cells.
16
Q
Bone marrow
A
A semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis. It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells.
17
Q
Haematopoiesis
A
The formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells.
18
Q
HSCs
A
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
19
Q
BM
A
Bone Marrow
20
Q
MVs
A
Microvesicles
21
Q
EVs
A
Extracellular Vesicles
22
Q
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
A
An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. Also called blood stem cell.
23
Q
Platelets
A
The cells that circulate within our blood and bind together when they recognize damaged blood vessels. When you get a cut, for example, the platelets bind to the site of the damaged vessel, thereby causing a blood clot.
24
Q
Tissue Homeostasis
A
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
25
Steady State
While homeostasis refers to the entire internal environment, the term steady state can be restricted to describing specific mechanisms. A cell is in homeostasis because every mechanism that keeps it alive is in a steady state.
26
Homeostasis
The maintenance in an animal of a "constant internal milieu," that is, a relatively constant internal environment, despite changes to the external environment.
27
Pathology
The science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.
28
Pathological Process
An organic process occurring as a consequence of disease.
29
Senescence
The condition or process of deterioration with age.
30
Inflammatory Disease
A vast array of disorders and conditions that are characterized by inflammation. Examples include allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, preperfusion injury and transplant rejection.
31
Pathogen
A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
32
Exogenous
Growing or originating from outside an organism.
33
Immune System Cells
The response to pathogens is orchestrated by the complex interactions and activities of the large number of diverse cell types involved in the immune response. The innate immune response is the first line of defense and occurs soon after pathogen exposure. It is carried out by phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells, and granulocytes. The subsequent adaptive immune response includes antigen-specific defense mechanisms and may take days to develop. Cell types with critical roles in adaptive immunity are antigen-presenting cells including macrophages and dendritic cells. Antigen-dependent stimulation of various cell types including T cell subsets, B cells, and macrophages all play critical roles in host defense.
34
Transcriptional Regulation
The means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity.
35
Collagen
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles. Collagen has many important functions, including providing your skin with structure and strengthening your bones.
36
Fibroblast
A type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
37
Fibroblast Proliferation
Rapid increase in numbers of fibroblasts.
38
Platelet Activation
When platelets are circulating through vessels with an intact, healthy endothelium, the platelets remain in their original, unactivated state. The absence of activating factors and the release of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) by the healthy endothelium supports this state.
However, when a platelet encounters a break in the endothelium, it encounters molecules that trigger its activation. One such molecule is collagen, which is characteristically found almost everywhere except inside a blood vessel. In addition, thromboxane A2, ADP and thrombin are other factors that trigger the same activation.
39
Fibrinolysis
the enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots.
40
Fibrin
an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood.
41
Fibrogen
a soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin.
42
Thrombin
a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into fibrin in blood coagulation. The precursor of thrombin, prothrombin (inactive zymogen), is one of the several coagulation proteins containing γ‐carboxyglutamic acid.
43
Serine
a non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
44
Protease
an enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides
45
T-cells
a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells, by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus from thymocytes (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function. The majority of human T cells, termed alpha beta T cells (αβ T cells), rearrange their alpha and beta chains on the cell receptor and are part of the adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells, (a small minority of T cells in the human body, more frequent in ruminants), have invariant T-cell receptors with limited diversity, that can effectively present antigens to other T cells and are considered to be part of the innate immune system.
46
Lymphocyte
a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
47
Thymus gland
Located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.
48
Macrophages
A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
49
Phagocyte
cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates.
50
Neutrophil
A neutrophilic white blood cell.
51
Neutrophilic
(of a cell or its contents) readily stained only by neutral dyes.
52
Immunosuppression
the partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. It is induced to help the survival of an organ after a transplant operation.
53
Dendritic Cells
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.
54
Antigen
a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
55
Immunoglobulin (Ig)G
(Also known as antibodies) any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies. Antibody is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable region.
56
B Cells
Also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. Additionally, B cells present antigen (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines. In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow.
57
BXSB Mice
BXSB mice develop a spontaneous autoimmune syndrome similar to lupus, which is accelerated in males (BXSB males have the mutant Yaa-containing Y chromosome). These mice may be useful in applications related to systemic lupus erythematosus.
58
Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Also known simply as lupus(in humans), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. Symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face.
59
Intracardiac
situated or occurring within or introduced or involving entry into the heart. //an intracardiac shunt
60
Allogeneic
denoting, relating to, or involving tissues or cells that are genetically dissimilar and hence immunologically incompatible, although from individuals of the same species
61
Porcine
of, affecting, or resembling a pig or pigs.
62
in vitro, in vivo
in vitro: in a dish
| in vivo: in a living organism
63
Immunogenicity
the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human and other animal. In other words, immunogenicity is the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responses.
64
Alloantibodies
Immune antibodies that are only produced following exposure to foreign red blood cell antigens.
•Produced by exposure to foreign red cell antigens which are non-self antigens but are of the same species.
•They react only with allogenic cells.
•Exposure occurs through pregnancy or transfusion.
•Examples include anti-K and anti-E.
65
allo-MSC
allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell
66
ADSCs
Adipose derived MSC's
67
Proteomic
Having to do with proteins
68
Adipogenesis
the process of cell differentiation by which pre-adipocytes become adipocytes. Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensively studied models of cellular differentiation.
69
Osteogenesis
the formation of bone.
70
Chondrogenesis/Chondrification
the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. Early in fetal development, the greater part of the skeleton is cartilaginous.
71
Adipocyte
also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes and other cell types through adipogenesis.
72
Mycocardial Infarction
Heart Attack
73
Multiple Sclerosis
a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage or deterioration of the nerves.
74
Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow through a brain artery is blocked by a clot, a mass of thickened blood. Clots are either thrombotic or embolic, depending on where they develop within the body. A thrombotic stroke, the most common of the two, occurs when a clot forms within an artery in the brain. An embolic stroke occurs when a clot or small piece of plaque (fatty deposit) breaks off from elsewhere in the body, such as the heart, and travels through the bloodstream only to become stuck in a narrower vessel in the brain.
75
STZ-induced mice
Streptozotocin (STZ) is a chemical used for the destruction of insulin-producing cells and for the generation of Type 1 Diabetes phenotypes in mice.
76
CLI
Chronic limb threatening ischemia: an advanced stage of peripheral artery disease (PAD). It is defined as a triad of ischemic rest pain, arterial insufficiency ulcers, and gangrene. The latter two conditions are jointly referred to as tissue loss, reflecting the development of surface damage to the limb tissue due to the most severe stage of ischemia. Compared to the other manifestation of PAD, intermittent claudication, CLI has a negative prognosis within a year after the initial diagnosis, with 1-year amputation rates of approximately 12% and mortality of 50% at 5 years and 70% at 10 years.[1]
77
Phases of Clinic Studies
Phase I studies assess the safety of a drug or device. Phase II studies test the efficacy of a drug or device. Phase III studies involve randomized and blind testing in several hundred to several thousand patients. Phase IV studies, often called Post Marketing Surveillance Trials, are conducted after a drug or device has been approved for consumer sale.
78
Paracrine Signaling
a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.
79
CXCR4
C-XC chemokine receptor 4: CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family.
80
SDF-1a
stromal cell-derived factor 1: a bioactive protein intended for use in cell culture applications. SDF1A is a small cytokine that belong to the intercrine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL-1.
81
SP
Substance P: a compound thought to be involved in the synaptic transmission of pain and other nerve impulses. It is a polypeptide with eleven amino-acid residues.
82
Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
83
Neuromodulator
a messenger released from a neuron in the central nervous system, or in the periphery, that affects groups of neurons, or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors.
84
Peripheral Blood Cells
Peripheral blood cells are the cellular components of blood, consisting of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes), and platelets, which are found within the circulating pool of blood and not sequestered within the lymphatic system, spleen, liver, or bone marrow.
85
Corneal Tissues
the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.
86
G-CSF
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream.
Functionally, it is a cytokine and hormone, a type of colony-stimulating factor, and is produced by a number of different tissues. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring G-CSF are called filgrastim and lenograstim.
87
Chemokine
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
88
Galanin
a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors.
89
Galanin Receptor
A G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin.
Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to exist: GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3.
90
Neuropeptide
any of a group of compounds which act as neurotransmitters and are short-chain polypeptides.
91
Cytokine
any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.
92
Growth Factor
a substance, such as a vitamin or hormone, which is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells.
93
Hypoglossal nerve
the twelfth cranial nerve, and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function. The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the brain stem as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. There are two hypoglossal nerves in the body: one on the left, and one on the right.
94
MMP
Matrix Metalloprotease: a group of enzymes that in concert are responsible for the degradation of most extracellular matrix proteins during organogenesis, growth and normal tissue turnover.
95
Chemotaxis
the directed migration of cells in response to concentration gradients of extracellular signals. In unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and amoebae, chemotaxis is frequently used as a foraging mechanism.
96
TNF
Tumor Necrosis Factor: a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons.
97
Neovascularization
The natural formation of new blood vessels (neo- + vascular + -ization), usually in the form of functional microvascular networks, capable of perfusion by red blood cells, that form to serve as collateral circulation in response to local poor perfusion or ischemia.
98
Elucidate
make (something) clear; explain.
99
Plasma Membrane
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
100
MVBs
Multivesicular bodies are a specialised subset of endosomes that contain membrane-bound intraluminal vesicles. These vesicles form by budding into the lumen of the MVB. The content of MVBs can be degraded, via fusion with lysosomes, or released into the extracellular space, via fusion with the plasma membrane.
101
Lipid Bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
102
Mast Cells
a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems . Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and blood–brain barrier function.
103
Schwann Cells
also called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century.
104
Tumor Cells
cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair.
105
Plasma
Blood plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. In other words, it is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.
106
Intracellular Calcium
Calcium storages are intracellular organelles, that constantly accumulate Ca2+ ions and release them during certain cellular events. Intracellular Ca2+ storages include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
107
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
108
Bleb
a bleb is a bulge or protrusion of the plasma membrane of a cell, human bioparticulate or abscess with an internal environment similar to that of a simple cell, characterized by a spherical, bulky morphology
109
Budding
a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
110
miRNA
microRNA: a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
111
Ectosome
vesicles of various size (0.1–1μm in diameter) that bud directly from the plasma membrane and are shed to the extracellular space. At variance with living cells, ectosomes have on their surface the phospholipid phosphatidylserine.
112
Morphological Features
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
113
ESCs
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo.
114
Organelles
a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. Individual organelles are separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers.
115
Histone
any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.
116
Chromatin
the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
117
prima facie
based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise.
118
Paracrine
relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.
119
mir
Refers to micro RNA
120
Cardiomyopathy
diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases have many causes, signs and symptoms as well as treatments. In most cases, cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscle to become enlarged, thick or rigid. In rare instances, diseased heart muscle tissue is replaced with scar tissue.
121
Cardiomyopathy
diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases have many causes, signs and symptoms as well as treatments. In most cases, cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscle to become enlarged, thick or rigid. In rare instances, diseased heart muscle tissue is replaced with scar tissue.
122
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: a complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, e.g. muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.[1] When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP so that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme.
From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate.
123
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: a cofactor found in all living cells. The compound is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.
124
Cofactor
a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.
125
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity.
126
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re- + perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia). The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative stress rather than (or along with) restoration of normal function.
127
PH
Pulmonary Hypertension: high blood pressure in the arteries to your lungs. It is a serious condition. If you have it, the blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your lungs become hard and narrow. Your heart has to work harder to pump the blood through.
128
Liposome
a minute spherical sac of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet, especially as formed artificially to carry drugs or other substances into the tissues.
129
Flavinoids
a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.
130
Myelination
the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly.
131
Oligodendrocytes
a glial cell similar to an astrocyte but with fewer protuberances, concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system.
132
Glial Cell
surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. Glial cells are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.
133
Protuberances
a thing that protrudes from something else.
134
Cisplatin
Cisplatin is an anti-cancer ("antineoplastic" or "cytotoxic") chemotherapy drug. This medication is classified as an "alkylating agent."
135
AKI
Acute Kidney Injury
136
Hypoxia
the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.
137
Anoxia
an absence of oxygen; sever hypoxia
138
Meta Analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. The basic tenet behind meta-analyses is that there is a common truth behind all conceptually similar scientific studies, but which has been measured with a certain error within individual studies.
139
Creatinine
a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body.
140
Tolerogenic Molecules
Tolerogenic therapies employ the inbuilt tolerance mechanisms of a class of immune cells called dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are divided into two main subsets: Mature dendritic cells are immunogenic. Their physiological role is to bridge innate and adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes.
141
Peripheral Tolerance
the second branch of immunological tolerance, after central tolerance. It takes place in the immune periphery (after T and B cells egress from primary lymphoid organs). Its main purpose is to ensure that self-reactive T and B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease.
142
Subcutaneous Injection
Subcutaneous means under the skin.
143
Skin Graft
a type of graft surgery involving the transplantation of skin. The transplanted tissue is called a skin graft.
144
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels.
145
be·ta cell
Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50–70% of the cells in human islets. In patients with type I or type II diabetes, beta-cell mass and function are diminished, leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.
146
Gastric
of the stomach
147
Colorectal
relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum
148
Glioma
a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or the spine. Gliomas comprise about 30 percent of all brain tumors and central nervous system tumors, and 80 percent of all malignant brain tumors.
149
Melanoma
a form of skin cancer that arises when pigment-producing cells—known as melanocytes—mutate and become cancerous.
150
Curcumin
a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is sold as an herbal supplement, cosmetics ingredient, food flavoring, and food coloring.
151
Epigenetic
having to do with the process by which regulatory proteins can turn genes on or off in a way that can be passed on during cell division.
