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PS 106EC > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

Objective, observable characteristics that play into ethnic identity

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2
Q

Intersubjective

A

How others perceive you AND how you perceive yourself

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3
Q

Flexible Identity

A

According to Waters, ethnicity is an ongoing, dynamic, multi-faceted social process

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4
Q

Primordial identity

A

A perception of ethnic identity as static, based on observable characteristics

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5
Q

Narod

A

Status as equal citizens with political representation; given to Muslims in Bosnia in 1971

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6
Q

Megalokastro

A

(From Kazantzakis) City on the island of Crete

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7
Q

Captain Michaels

A

(From Kazantzakis) Character, counterpart to Nuri Bey

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8
Q

Nuri Bey

A

(From Kazantzakis) Character, counterpart to Michaels

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9
Q

Modernization

A

(Collier and Hoeffler) The theory that, once you have modernized economically, you will naturally convert to democracy

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10
Q

Greed

A

Conflict stems from opportunity structure; rebels are bandits and war is an economically rational decision

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11
Q

Bandits

A

rebels are bandits and war is an economically rational decision

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12
Q

Rational Choice

A

What if you put a monetary value on everything you do? Conflicts are generated by circumstances where there are opportunities for economic profit

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13
Q

Recruitment Costs

A

Is it cheap to start a rebellion? Military equipment cost, trained fighters, militias around? (Measured by income and male HS education)

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14
Q

Grievance

A

Conflicts are motive-based and at a sufficient point, conflicts will break out - economic inequality, group tensions, political exclusions/repressions, social inequality

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15
Q

Fractionalization

A

How do hatreds cause conflict? Measured with a random sample of ethnic groups - how separate is each group?

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16
Q

Polarization

A

Think of the US today - very extreme viewpoints with little room for compromise

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17
Q

Anarchy

A

Absence of a sovereign/central authority

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18
Q

Security Dilemma

A
  • ethnic groups try to empower themselves to stay secure
  • this threatens the other group, which threatens the original group and so on
  • ENDLESS CYCLE
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19
Q

Offensive-Defensive Balance

A

When offensive attack is more effective than defensive action

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20
Q

Offensive-Defensive Distinguishability

A

When offensive and defensive forces seem similar

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21
Q

Multidimensional Peacekeeping

A

Today’s multidimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate the political process, protect civilians, assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; support the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.

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22
Q

Negotiated Settlement/Agreement

A

Now dominates international solutions to civil wars, how you can get power sharing, might be more effective than other methods for achieving peace

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23
Q

Power-sharing

A

Negotiated (artificial) end to a conflict where belligerents agree to share power.
Ex: divided presidency, proportional representation, military positions

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24
Q

Proportional Representation

A

main target for political power sharing, groups all share political power

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25
Q

Majoritarianism

A

winner-take-all system, opposite of proportional rep

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26
Q

Military power-sharing

A

ethnic balancing of military forces

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27
Q

Territorial power-sharing

A

decisions shifted from central government to regional subunits; implementation of types of federalism

28
Q

Conflict Prevention

A

catching conflicts before they occur

29
Q

Peacemaking

A

diplomacy to stop conflicts

30
Q

Peace Enforcement

A

military force to stop conflicts

31
Q

Peacekeeping

A

military, police, and civilian efforts to stop conflicts from recurring (short term)

32
Q

Peacebuilding

A

multi-dimensional efforts to stop the structural causes behind conflict

33
Q

Indivisibility

A

problem to the peace process

Ex: holy lands/sites

34
Q

Private Information

A

All sides have information about their intentions and capabilities and both sides have incentives to hide this info

35
Q

Commitment Problems

A

Groups can’t commit to NOT taking advantage of each other; security dilemma is too intense

36
Q

Demobilization

A
  • Defense enhancements and other costly signals have classic security dilemma issues
  • Who will put down their weapons first?
  • Third party comes in to verify the demobilization
37
Q

“Give War a Chance”

A

(Luttwak & Wagner) Idea that the international community should let civil wars reach their natural conclusion; the transformative effects of both decisive victory and exhaustion are blocked by outside intervention

38
Q

International Intervention

A

International actors can offer support, attack violent local actor, monitor/supervise institutionalization, and buy local institutions the time to develop

39
Q

Dallaire

A

UN general running mission Rwanda

40
Q

Habyarimana

A

Rwandan president who was shot down in a place on April 6, 1994

41
Q

Interhamwe

A

Hard-liner Hutus who took power after the death of the president

42
Q

Ancient Hatreds

A

International community believed the Bosnian genocide started due to ancient hatreds

43
Q

Srebrenica

A

Turning point of war. The seizure of a UN safe area by Bosnian Serbs. Residents separated by gender/age and taken to camps. 7,000-8,000 men and boys systematically killed.

44
Q

Racialization

A

the passive power of whiteness

45
Q

Birtherism

A

Conspiracy theory that Barack Obama was not born in the US. The theory rests on the idea that “black people are not fit to be citizens of the country they built”

46
Q

White Slavery

A

Considered worse than “slavery” because it specifically mentions race. Justified black slavery?

47
Q

Super-Predator(s)

A

Term used by Hillary Clinton in 2008 referring to black dissident youth. “Inner-city” children as “almost completely unmoralized” and the front of a new generation of street criminals…The youngest, biggest, and baddest generation any society has ever known.”

48
Q

Arusha Accords

A

Peace agreement to end Rwandan civil war. Established a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG). Before genocide

49
Q

UNAMIR

A

United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. Under-funded and ill-equipped to deal with the ethnic conflict. Lead by Romeo Dallaire

50
Q

Dayton Peace Accords

A

Leadership of Bosnia, Serbia, and Croatia gather in Dayton, OH for a peace agreement mainly mediated by Richard Holbrooke (US). Established power-sharing at the local, state, and federal level.

51
Q

IFOR

A

Implementation Force consisting of 60,000 heavily armed soldiers under NATO command sent to implement agreement

52
Q

Recidivism

A

a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior (no war has broken out since in Bosnia)

53
Q

Identity Category (Chandra)

A

Any eligible social category

54
Q

Attributes Associated (Chandra)

A

“Myth,” descent-based attributes

55
Q

Waters

A

Ethnicity is flexible. Social choices vs. Primordial identity. Ongoing, dynamic, multi-faceted social process

56
Q

Collier & Hoeffler

A

Champion the “greed” argument

57
Q

Opportunities for Financing Rebellion

A

Diasporas, Natural Resources, Foreign intervention

58
Q

Posen

A

On the security dilemma - Argues that anarchy applies to certain places where sovereigns disappeared, empires collapse, failed states, civil wars, etc.

59
Q

Walter

A

Peace agreements are not enough. Need credible guarantees with third party, so need BOTH power-sharing and international actors

60
Q

Power-Sharing Problems

A

Institutions will be too weak initially to matter; inefficient and undemocratic; short-term solution

61
Q

Atypically weak governments

A

Forests, mountains, dispersion of population

62
Q

UN Failure in Somalia

A

Ceasefire was widely ignored and fighting continued and increased. More troops were approved but never arrived. Troops were shot at and aid was destroyed.
- successive missions took a focus on what is happening

63
Q

Peacekeeping During the Cold War

A

Observing, monitoring, supervising cease fires, providing buffer zone support

64
Q

Will

A
  • international actors can offer support (carrot)

- OR international actors can attack any violent local actor (stick)

65
Q

Opportunity

A
  • monitor and supervise institutionalization

- buy local institutions the time to develop

PS 106EC (1 decks)

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