Key Terms Flashcards
Theory
A system of ideas intended to explain something
Anarchy/anomie
Absence of rules, laws, values, norms etc
Culture
The learned shared behaviour of members of a society
Socialisation
The process by which we learn the culture of our society
Norm
Something that is usual, typical or standard
Primary socialisation
Informal process through which we learn the norms, attitudes, values. Early childhood process
Secondary socialisation
Formal process through which you learn the culture of society
Socialisation Agencies
People you interact with formally and informally who influence our behaviour
Values
Beliefs that we have about what is important, both to us and to society as a whole
Role
The way someone is expected to behave in a particular social situation
Status
The level of respect we are expected to give to a person playing a particular role
Sanctions
Describes anything that encourages people to conform to norms
Ascribed status
A status assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life, that cannot be changed through individual effort or achievement
Achieved status
A status that is acquired as the result of personal accomplishment, serving as a reflection of ability and personal effort
Social order
An arrangement of practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives
Feral child
A neglected child who engaged in lawless or anti social behaviour
Social behaviour
How am individual or group acts or reacts to another individual, group or event
Identity
What makes you who you are
Subculture
A group of people within a society who share norms, values, beliefs and attitudes that are in some way different from the mainstream culture
Inequality
Unequal access to opportunities and rewards in society, creating differences between us
Feminism
A sociological perspective and political movement that focuses on women oppression and the struggle to end it
Consensus
Society is based on agreement
Conflict
Society is based on a conflict of interest
Society
A generalise organised group of people in a community
Symbolic interactionism
The theory that society is possible because of the shared meanings and social patterns created during social interactions
Patriarchy
A society, system, or group in which men dominate women and have the power and authority
Diversity
A range of different things
Ethnicity
Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion and more
Functionalism
A theory that views society as a orderly and stable system with interconnected parts designed to meet the needs of individuals in a society
Marxism
The political and economic theories of Karls Marx, later developed by the followers to form the basis of communism
Prejudice
A favourable or unfavourable preconceived feeling or options formed without knowledge, reason, or thought that prevents objective consideration of person, group or thing
Discrimination
The unequal treatment of a person of group on the basis of their statuses
Positive sanction
A reward for confirming to established norms
Negative sanctions
A punishment for breaking an established norm
Institutions
A custom or organisation that has long been held an important feature of some group or society
Structural approach
Individuals are entirely shaped by the structure of society
Social action approach
Individuals have free will and choice
Social solidarity
The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location and religion
Collective conscience
The communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society
Division of labour
Dividing up a job in order to speed up the process
Social beings
Everyone who goes through socialisation process becomes social beings
Universal standards
Expectations of behaviour for individuals In a society that they have to follow
Bourgeoisie
The class that owns the means of production
Proletariat
The working class; wage earning labourers
Exploitation
The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work
Class consciousness
Awareness of ones place In a system of social class
Alienation
An individuals isolation from his or her society work, and sense of self
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organisations which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
Communism
An ideology or political theory that advocates collective ownership of resources and a classless society
Means of production
The instruments and materials used to produce goods and services
Trade unions
Organised association of worker in trade
Ideology
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy
Hierarchy
The system of power discrimination in which an individual or group resides within a culture, organisation or society
Social stratification
A system of inequality based on ranking people or groups based on power, prestige and wealth
Correspondence principle
Theory that posits a close relationship between social standing and the education system
Fordism
The modern economic and social systems based on industrialised, standardised mass production and mass consumption
Post-Fordism
Name given to the dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena
Tripartite system
Made up of 3 types of schools=
- grammar schools
- technical colleges
- secondary modern
Grammar schools
A state of secondary schooling to which pupils are admitted on the basis of ability
Secondary modern schools
A secondary school of a kind offering a general education to children not selected by grammar or technical schools
Technical colleges
A college or further education providing courses In a range of practical subjects
Comprehensivisation
Nationalisation of comprehensive type schools
Streaming
A system of grouping students in schools by ability for all subjects
