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Psychology Wjec > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

An experiment that is carried out in a highly controlled, artificial environment. An Iv is manipulated to see its effects on the dv, Evs can be controlled and allocation of participants to groups is within the experimenters control

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2
Q

What is mean?

A

A measure of central tendency that shows the effect of a set of scores

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3
Q

What is median?

A

The midpoint of the range numbers that are arranged in order of value

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4
Q

What is the mode?

A

The value or item occurring most frequently in a series of observations or statistical data

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5
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

An experiment where the researcher cannot directly manipulate the Iv, but where the Iv varies naturally

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6
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that the manipulation of the Iv will have no affect on the dependant variable and any differences found would be due to chance.

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7
Q

What is an observation?

A

Watching participants in either a controlled or natural environment with no manipulation of their behaviour. This can be overt or covert

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8
Q

What is a case study ?

A

A form of descriptive research in which an in depth analysis is carried out on an individual, group or event.

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9
Q

What is correlation?

A

A statistical analysis that measures the extent to which two variables are related to each other. A positive correlation means high values in one variable are associated with high values in the second. as one variable increases so does the other. A negative correlation means high values in one variable is associated with low values in the other

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10
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Where participants change their behaviour because they believe they have guessed the purpose of the investigation. They do this to annoy or please the experimenter.

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11
Q

What is a dependant variable?

A

The variable which is measured to see the effect of the manipulation of the independent variable.

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12
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

The extent to which a study can be generalised to the real world because the methods, materials and setting of the experiment reflect the real life situation that is under investigation.

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13
Q

What is an ethical issue?

A

These arise in research when there is a conflict between what the researcher wants to do and what is in the best interest of the participant.

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14
Q

What is operationalisation?

A

The process of making a variable clearly defined so it can be tested/measured.

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15
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Research that emphasises the thoughts and feelings of participants. This type of data is presented in words rather than numbers.

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16
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Research that presents the findings in a form of numerical data.

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17
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

There are two of these, those with a naturally occurring Iv (natural experiment) and those with no Iv; there is simply a difference between participants such as gender (difference studies)

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18
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

A form of data collection that uses written or spoken pre set questions

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19
Q

What is a peer review?

A

A process by which other psychologists read and interrogate a piece of research to assess the validity of the research and accuracy of the statistical data.

20
Q

What is range?

A

Range is a measure of dispersion which shows the distance between the lowest and the highest value of a set of data

21
Q

What is reliability?

A

A measure of consistency- either over time and or situation (external reliability) or consistency within a measuring instrument (internal reliability)

22
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of the population drawn for testing purposes under the assumption that the results derived from or the behaviour of a randomly drawn sample can predict the results or behaviour of the population.

23
Q

What is social desirability bias?

A

The tendency for participants to give answers on a questionnaire or interview to put themselves into a positive light.

24
Q

What is an aim?

A

A statement of what the researcher intend to find out in a research study

25
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise and testable statement of prediction about the assumed relationship between variables. Operationalisation is a key part of making the statement testable.

26
Q

What is debrief?

A

To inform the participant of the true nature of the study to restore them to the same state they were in at the start of the study.

27
Q

What are standardised procedures?

A

A set of procedure that are the same for all participants in order to be able to repeat the study

28
Q

Confounding variable

A

Any variable which varies systematically with the independent variable that might potentially affect the dependant variable and thereby confound the results

29
Q

Valid consent

A

Participants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in so they are able to make an informed judgement about whether to participate

30
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which a research finding can be generalised to other settings (ecological validity) to other groups of people (population validity) and over time (historical validity)

31
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Do not vary systematically with the Iv and therefore do not act as an alternative Iv but may also have an effect on the dependant variable. They are nuisance variables.

32
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which an observed effect was due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors but as confounding/extraneous variables

33
Q

Mundane realism

A

Refers to how a study mirrors the real world. The research environment is realistic to the degree to which experiences encountered in the research environment will occur in the real world

34
Q

Validity

A

Refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine one

35
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Any hypothesis except the null hypothesis. It is an alternative to the null hypothesis.

36
Q

Confederate

A

An individual in a study who is not a real participant and has been instructed how to behave by the investigator

37
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

States the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of participants

38
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

The term used to describe the alternative hypothesis in an experiment

39
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

Predicts simply that there is a difference between two conditions or two groups of participants without stating the direction of the difference

40
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The assumption of no relationship between variables being studied

41
Q

Pilot study

A

A small-scale trial run of a study to test any aspects of the design with a view to making improvements

42
Q

What are order effects?

A

In a repeated measures design, an extraneous variable arising from the order in which conditions are presented such as fatigue effect or practice effect

43
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

An experimental technique used to overcome order effects when using a repeated measures design

44
Q

What is experimental design?

A

A set of procedures Used to control the influence of factors such as participant variables in an experiment

45
Q

What is an independent groups design?

A

Participants are allocated to two or more groups representing different levels of the Iv. Allocation is usually done using random techniques

46
Q

What is a matched pair design?

A

Pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables such as age and iq. One member of each pair are allocated to one of the conditions under test and the other under the other condition

47
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

Each participant takes part in every condition under test.

Psychology Wjec (8 decks)

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