key terms Flashcards
when was the baroque period?
1600-1750
what characteristics did the baroque period have?
ornamentation and polyphonic textures
when was the classical period?
1750-1820
what characterised the classical period?
A shift from the baroque era’s complexity to a focus on balance, clarity and elegance
when was the romantic period?
1820-1900
what characteristics does the romantic period have?
expressive melodie’s, rich harmonies, and emotional depth
when was the 20th century music?
1901-2000
what characteristics does the 20th century music hold?
a rejection of traditional structures, experimentation with new sounds and techniques and a diverse range of styles
what is chamber music
instrumental music played by a small ensemble with one player to a part
concerto grosso
a group of solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra
gigue
a lively, fast-paced baroque dance, often in compound time
basso continuo
a continuous baseline often playing by a keyboard instrument and bass instrument, provides a harmonic foundation for the melody, with the keyboard played improvising the chords about the bass line
converting
name for the group of soloists in a concerto grosso
ripieno
the body of instrument accompanying the concertino in a baroque concerto
sonata
a piece of instrumental music, typically for a solo instrument, often consisting of several contrasting movements
realisation
creating a musical accompaniment or filling out a musical score from a simplified or incomplete notation, such as figured bass
libretto
the text of words of an opera, or another extended musical work, serving as the foundation for the composers musical score
incidental music
music used in a film or play as background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere
fusion
music which combines two or more musical styles
bossa nova
a brazilian music genre that emerged in the late 1950s, blending samba rhythms with american jazz harmonies
jazz
a distinctively american music genre characterised by improvisation, syncopated rhythms and strong swing feel
duet
two singers or musicians where both parts are of equal importance
samba
a lively brazilian musical genre and dance style
acciaccatura
a crushed note, played in as short time as possible. it is notated as a small note with a diagonal line through the stem to show that it really have no value
appoggiatura
a leaning note in which the ornament takes half the value of the note it proceeds
mordant
a musical ornament involving moving rapidly from one note to another then back again
portamento
sliding from one pitch to another
trill
rapid alternation between two notes
turn
a musical ornament consisting of the note above the written note, the written note, the note below and the written note again
marcato
marked, i.e accented (stressed on a certain note)
legato
played smoothly
staccato
notes played crisply, detached which is shown in the music by placing dots above or below the notes being placed
accents
an emphasis, stress or stronger attachment place on a particular note or set of notes
tenuto
indicates that a note should be sustained for its full value, or slightly longer with emphasis
monophonic
music consisting of a single unaccompanied melody line
homophonic
a musical texture in which all parts move in a similar rhythm creating a chordal effect
heterophonic
multiple voices/instruments simultaneously perform the same melody, but with slight variations or embellishments
fugal
compositional technique where a main theme, or subject is introduced and then imitated or repeated in different parts, creating a complex, interwoven texture
counterpoint
intertwining two or more melodie’s
polyphonic
s musical texture where two or more parts move independently of each other
contrapuntal
two or more independent melodic lines performed at the same time
imitation
one part copying or imitating another, not necessarily at the same pitch
antiphonal
where a bar or phrase is alternated between two instruments, group of instruments or singers from anti and phonos
unison
two or more people performing the same note or melody
octaves
melody is played an octave apart
loops
pre recorded musical phrase or section that is repeated continuously often used in electronic music
homorhythmic
a texture where all voices or parts move with the same rhythm
diminished seventh
a chord built up of minor thirds
dominant seventh
the dominant chord plus an extra note a minor seventh above the root or first note
drone
a harmonic effect where a single note or chord is sustained throughout a musical phrase. often appears as a perfect 4th or 5th interval
pedal
a sustained or repeated note typically in the bass
modal
music which uses mode rather than the traditional major or minor scores, typically folk music
harmonic pace
the rate at which chords change
cluster chord
a chord consisting of three or more adjacent notes often creating a dissonant and dense soundb
diatonic
a scale or harmony system built from traditional major/minor scales
functional
chords which relate to each other within a set key
false relation
type of dissonance, a harmonic clash that happens when a note in a note in one part is played or sung at the same or immediately before or after a chromatically altered version of the same note in another part
ground bass
a compositional technique where a short, recurring melodic pattern in the bass part is repeated throughout a piece
suspension
a musical technique where a note, often a non-chord tone is held or sustained from one chord into the next, creating a temporary dissonance that resolves downwards by step into a consonant note
augmented 6th chord
type of chromatic chord characterised by the presence of an augmented 6th interval
imperfect cadence
in an imperfect cadence the last chord is chord V (the dominant) creating an unfinished effect
inverted pedal
when the pedal (the sustained or repeated note) is played at a higher pitch than the other parts
