Key Terms: Flashcards
Phoneme
smallest unit of spoken language (/b/ /g/
Grapheme
a part of written language that represents a phoneme (may correspond to one letter or a few letters) Ex. bh, j, eigh
Phonological Awareness
The understanding of individual sounds in a spoken language can be manipulated, combined, and separated. Includes rhyming, syllables, and phonemes.
Phonemic Awareness
The understanding of the different ways that individual sounds can be manipulated, separated, or combined.
Phonics:
Instruction in the relationship between letters and sounds.
Syllable
A word or part of a word that contains a vowel or vowel sound in spoken language
Onset
The initial consonant in a word
Rime
The part of the word that includes the vowel and those that follow it.
Syllabication
the act of separating spoken or written words into syllables.
Morpheme:
the smallest unit of meaning in a word or syllable
Orthogaphy
The rules of representing spoken language in writing. (Spelling, Capitalization, and Punctuation
High-frequency words
Words that appear across all texts
Irregular Words
a word that does not follow phonetic rules (heart words)
Sight Words
Words that students are automatically able to know without decoding
Fluency
A measurement of rate, prosody, and phrasing
Closed Syllable
Closed in by a consonant (vowels makes it short sound)- (CVC, VC)
Open Syllable
Ends in a vowel; vowel makes its long sound (VCe)
Silent E
ends in a vowel-consonant-e; vowel makes it’s long sound
Vowel Teams
diphthongs + digraphs; the two vowels blend together to make a single sound
R-Controlled
contains a vowel +plus “r” vowel sound is changed
Consonant-le
at the end of the word/vowel sound e is silent
Vygotsky’s Zone of PD
the recognition that each child should be supported through scaffolding and teacher instruction when engaging in tasks that are beyond their current skill level.
Rate
the speed at which a student is reading (WPM)
Accuracy
correctly identifying and reading the words on the page (WCPM)
Prosody
Phrasing, Expression, and Tone
Pre-Alphabetic
Read Visual Cues
Partial Alphabetic Phase
Able to recognize some sound/spelling
Full Alphabetic Phase
Able to recognize most common sounds/spellings
Consolidated Alphabetic Phase
Able to recognize chunks of letters within words
Automatic Phase
Proficient word reading
Predicting
Use evidence from the text to logically predict what’s going to happen next.
Questioning
Generate and ask questions about the text while reading to deepen understanding
Clarifying
Identifying a disruption in comprehension or word knowledge
Summarizing
Retell the events in a story or text
Visualizing
Creating mental images
Inferring
Use background knowledge and info in text to reach logical conclusion
Reciprocal Teaching
Questioning, Clarifying, Summarizing, and Predicting
Validity
the extent to which an assessment tool measures what it’s intended to measure
Reliability
the extent to which an assessment tool consistently and accurately measures learning through multiple trials
Bias Testing
the assessment unfairly measures penalizes students by gender, race, and other personal characteristics
Mean
the average
Median
The average of the two middle values
Mode
the value that appears most frequently in a data set
Standard Score
a set of scores that have the same mean and standard deviation
Norm-referenced
measure individual students against a group of other test takers (Standardized Tests)
Norming Group
a group of test takers
Criterion Referenced
Measure an individual performance related to a predetermined benchmark ( Standards-based)
Formal
test results reported in either percentile or percentage (standardized tests, chapter tests, and course exams)
Informal
evaluate students outside a written texts format ( observation, portfolios, presentations)
Formative
ongoing progress monitoring to assess student performance (brief assess skills, embedded instruction, provides teacher feedback)
Summative
measures student learning outcomes (administered after instruction)
