key terms

Question 1

LUCA

Question 2

Eocyte tree

Question 3

ether linkage

Answer 3

the linkage of two hydrocarbons by an oxygen atom (HC-O-CH) they are characteristic of the membrane lipids of archaea

Question 4

ester linkage

Answer 4

a condensation (water-releasing) reaction in which the carboxyl group of a fatty acid reacts with he hydroxyl group of an alcohol. lipids, including most membrane lipids, are formed in this way

Question 5

binary fission

Answer 5

reproduction of a prokaryote by division of cell into two genetically identical progeny cells

Question 6

plasmid

Answer 6

a DNA molecule distinct from the chromosome; this is, an extrachromosomal element found in many bacteria, my replicate independently

Question 7

lateral gene transfer

Question 8

conjugation

Answer 8

a process by which DNA is passed from one cell to another through a conjugation tube, as in bacteria

Question 9

transformation

Answer 9

a mechanism for transfer of genetic information in bacteria in which pure DNA from a bacterium of one genotype is taken in through the cell surface of a bacterium of a different genotype and incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient cell

Question 10

transduction

Question 11

anaerobes

Answer 11

microorganisms that can survive and reproduce without oxygen

Question 12

aerotolerants

Answer 12

a prokaryote that does not require an oxygen atmosphere for survival, but can live while exposed to oxygen

Question 13

microaerophiles

Question 14

facultative

Answer 14

referring to a type of species interaction that is optional for at least one species involved in the interaction.

Question 15

aerobes

Answer 15

a microorganism that requires oxygen for growth

Question 16

gram positive

Answer 16

bacteria that appear blue to purple when stained using the gram-staining technique. those bacteria have an outer cell wall consisting of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 17

gram negtive

Answer 17

bacteria that appear red when stained using the gram-staining technique. these bacteria have an outer membrane outside the relatively thin peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

Question 18

photoautotrophs

Answer 18

an organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide

Question 19

photoheterotrops

Answer 19

an organism that obtains energy from light but must obtain its carbon from organic compounds

Question 20

chemoautotrophs

Answer 20

an organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, using some of that energy to fix carbon

Question 21

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 21

an organism that must obtain both carbon and energy from organic substances

Question 22

extremophiles

Answer 22

archaea and bacteria that live and thrive under conditions that would kill most organisms (ex: extremely high temperature)

Question 23

great plate count anomaly

Question 24

virus

Answer 24

any of a group of ultramicroscopic particles constructed of nucleic acid and protein that require living cells in order to reproduce. evolved multiple times from different cellular species

Question 25

virion

Answer 25

virus particles

Question 26

capsid

Answer 26

the outer shell of a virus that encloses its nucleic acid

Question 27

nucelocapsid

Question 28

envelope

Question 29

eclipse phase

Question 30

maturtion phase

Question 31

plaques

Question 32

lytic

Answer 32

a viral reproductive cycle in which the virus takes over a host cell’s synthetic machinery to replicate itself, then bursts the host cell, releasing the new viruses

Question 33

lysogenic

Answer 33

a form of viral replication in which the virus becomes incorporated into the host chromosome and remains inactive, can also revert back to lytic cycle if living conditions aren’t met

Question 34

mutualism

Answer 34

a type of positive interaction in which both species benefit from the interaction, sometimes in a highly dependent and symbiotic manner

Question 35

commensalism

Answer 35

a type of positive interaction in which one species benefits from the interaction while the other is unaffected

Question 36

parasitism

Answer 36

predation in which the predator (parasite) lives symbiotically on or in the pray (host) and consumes only certain tissues without necessarily killing the host

Question 37

parasite

Answer 37

an organism that kills and/or consumes parts of an organism much larger than itself (host); sometimes but not always kills their host

Question 38

pathogen

Answer 38

an organism that causes disease

Question 39

infectious disease

Question 40

non-infectious disease

Question 41

zoonotic disease