Key Terms Flashcards
What are the 6 domains of Knowledge?
- Dispositional
-Biological - Intrapsychic
- Cognitive-Experience
- Social & Cultural
-Adjustment
Comprehensiveness
Explains most or all known facts
Heuristic Value
Guides researchers to important discoveries
Testability (or Falsifiability)
Makes precise predictions that can be empirically tested
Parsimony
Contains few premises or assumptions
Compatibility and Integration
Consistent with what is known in other domains; can be coordinated with other branches of scientific knowledge
operationalization
How dow we define extraversion, happiness, and “regular contact with friends and family?”
Empirical Test
Designing and running a systematic study based on the specific hypotheses
Theory
A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something
How do we make observations?
We attempt to make reasonable inferences from the behaviour that we observe
emotional stability
Resilient, unflappable, keeps cool under fire, easy going, seldom angry/upset
Neuroticism
Worrier, frequently feeling ‘blue’, often feels threatened, moody, easily provoked
What is Self-Report Data (S-Data)?
- Complete a questionnaire or interview about yourself
- items should cove: Worry, irritability, coolness under fire, resilience, moodness.
- Items should differentiate highs from lows (i.e., Variability in responses)
-Items should avoid potential biases (e.g., social desirability, yea-saying or acquiescence) - Unstructured items: Open-ended questions
- Structured items: response options provided
What are the advantages for self-Report data?
you know yourself in ways others don’t
What are the disadvantages of self-report?
-You might not want to admit certain things about yourself
- You might not know certain things about yourself
What is Observer-Data (O-Data)?
O-Data: Questionnaire or interviews completed by others who know you (vs. others who don’t know you)
- Ask friends or partner to fill out a questionnaire or interview about you & your behaviour
What are the advantages of O-Data?
- Observers can give information that isn’t available through other sources
- You can get more people and more reports
What are the disadvantages of O-Data?
- You usually rely on the individual to recruit/nominate people that they know
- Observers may have their own biases & limits of knowledge
What is Test Data (T-Data)?
- T-Data: Standardized test data: directly observe behaviour or some other response
- An objective test of some kind, such as measuring blood pressure or your time in running a mile
What are the Advantages of T-Data?
- You can bring out behaviour in a controlled setting or in everyday life, depending of the study
- Generally prone to less bias than other data sourced like self and observer reports
What are the disadvantages of T-Data?
- People might guess what personality trait you’re measuring and alter their behaviour (and subsequently, might make a wrong guess about what its about)
- Experimenters themselves may influence participants to get the findings that they expect
What is Life Data (L-Data)?
- L-Data: Concrete, real-life, observable outcomes
- Public record data, such as if you’re married, divorced, have kids, your occupation, income, etc.
What are the advantages of L-Data?
- Unlike other measures, these outcomes have clear importance in people’s lives
What are the Disadvantages of L-Data?
- You often need other forms to provide the psychological context
Reliability
- How much a test represents “true” level of trait being measured
Validity
- Extent to which test/indicator measures what it claims to measure
Test-Retest Reliability
- Take the test twice - do you get the same score both times?
Ex: take a personality test today and again next week
Inter-Rater Reliability
- Do 2+ observers agree on the same score?
- Ex: Olympic Judges
If we have low reliability, it is either:
- Not a personality construct (it is too variable to be personality)
- To much error of measurement (random error) –> Too much noise to get a good signal
What are the different types of validity?
- Contract validity
- Face validity
- Convergent Validity
- Discriminant Validity
- Predictive or criterion Validity
Construct Validity
A test that measures what it claims to measure. Broad category that includes face, convergent, & discriminant validity
Face Validity
Does the test, on the surface, appears to measure that it is supposed to measure
Convergent Validity
Does the test correlate with other measures that it should correlate with?
Discriminant Validity
Does the test not correlate to measures should not correlate with
Predictive or criterion validity
Does the test predict criteria external to the test?
Idiographic Approach
Every person is unique, focus in-depth on the individual level of data
Nomothetic Approach
General laws that apply to most, if not all, people; focus on many people
Case Studies
In-depth examination of the life of one person
Advantage: Provide in-depth knowledge about outstanding figure, such as a political or religious figure
Disadvantage: Limited generalizability, Potential bias, Ambiguous about causality
Correlation Studies
A statistical procedure for determining whether there is a relationship between two variables
Advantages: Naturalistic, Easily reported/interpreted effect size (r), Replicable (Compared to a case study)
Disadvantages: Directionality problem (correlation not equal to causation). Third variable problem
Between Participant
different people in different conditions
Within-participant
some people in both conditions
What does HARKing stand for?
Hypothesizing After Results Are Known
Six principles of Open Science
Open data
Open source
Open Access
Open Methodolgy
Open Peer Review
Open Educational Resources
