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From USMLE-Rx > KEY TERMS > Flashcards

KEY TERMS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q 
Stillborn fetus
Symptoms Include: 
Flattened Face
Large, Low Set Ears
Limb Deformities

Hallmark of this syndrome?

A

Potter’s Syndrome
Hallmark: Renal Agenesis –> Incompatible with life
This results in Oligohydrominos due to the decreased ability to urinate in-utero.

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2
Q

Causes of Oligohydrominos

A

ACE-I: Benzapril, contraindicated in pregnancy

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3
Q

99mmTc-Pertechnetate Scan

A

Detects presence of gastric mucosa

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4
Q

Accumulation of 99mmTc-Pertechnetate in Right lower quadrant

A

DDx for Meckel’s Diverticulum that contains ectopic gastric mucosa

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5
Q

“Red Current Jelly Stools”

A

Intussusception

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6
Q

Rapid Onset ED with (+) nighttime erections

A

MCC: Psychogenic impotence

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7
Q

Virchow’s node

A

Supraclavicular node that is hard and enlarged: 1st clinical sign of occult gastric cancer

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8
Q

Sister Mary Joseph nodule

A

Periumbilical mass that will show Gastic CA mets

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9
Q

Bilateral ovarian mass

A 
Think mets from:
stomach: Krukenburg tumor
breast
pancreas
gallbladder
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10
Q

Mucin producing ovarian tumor

A

Krukenburg tumor

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11
Q

Signet Ring Cells

A

Krukenburg tumor

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12
Q

Manometry: Disorganized non-peristaltic contractions of the body of the esophagus

aka: “cork-screw” esophagus”

A

DES

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13
Q

progressive dysphagia to solids –> solids + liquids

A

Esophageal cancer

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14
Q

epigastric pain 1-3 hours after a meal or at night?

A

Duodenal ulcer

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15
Q

pain with deep breathing

A

Pleuritic chest pain

- PE

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16
Q

(-) Couvasier’s sign with systemic signs of cholecystitis

A

Pancreatic CA at the head of the pancreas - will back up the bile duct, thus enlarging the gallbladder. But the problem isn’t in the gallbladder itself - so no pain on palpation

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17
Q

(+) couvasier’s sign

A

Cholecystitis

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18
Q

pruritis, dark urine, pale stools

A

obstructive jaundice

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19
Q

Sudan III stain

A

Stool stain
identifies fat in stool

DDx of malabsorption: > 7 g/day of excreted fat

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20
Q

large fundic folds in a patient with epigastric pain

A

Think Zollinger-Ellison Disease

Gastrin has a trophic effect

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21
Q
  • Decreased Ceruloplasmin

- increased hepatic Copper

A

DDx: Wilson’s disease

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22
Q

high serum ferritin

A

hemochromatosis

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23
Q

increased UA oxalate

A

associated with intestinal malabsorption

Calcium oxalate renal stones may form

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24
Q

Sucralfate

A

drug that will line the ulcerated gastric/duodenal mucosa

Helps duodenal ulcers to heal, but less effective at preventing ulcer recurrence if H. pylori (+)

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25
Q

Metclopromide

A

DA agonist
Pro-kinetic, anti-emetic
Used in: Gastroparesis, vomiting, and nausea prevention

26
Q

Misoprostol

A

PGE1/2 analog

  • prevent NSAID-related ulcers
  • used with Mifepristone as an abortifacient
  • used to speed up labor
  • used to keep the PDA open
27
Q

Lactulose

A

Used in hepatic encephalopathy.
colonic bacteria metabolize lactulose to an acidic molecule that will take NH3 to NH4+, which cannot be absorbed.

“ammonia trap”

28
Q

High BUN

A

renal failure
heart failure
dehydration
anything that decreases your GFR

29
Q 
On US:
distended gallbladder
gallbladder wall thickening
Pericholecystic fluid
(+) sonographic murphy's sign
A

Acute cholecystitis

30
Q

CEA
Classically elevated in:

Nml

Pathogenic

A

Nmlly produced in the embryonic pancreas, liver and intestine

Abnormal elevation: Classic is, colonic CA.

However this is non-specific because CEA is also found in breast, pancreatic and gastric CA + IBS, cirrhosis, and pancreatitis

smokers also have > CEA than non-smokers

this is for tracking only, and not DDx

31
Q

Ureterosacral Ligament carries?

A

As it courses above the External Iliac Artery and just lateral to the Internal iliac -

Carries the Ureter, Uterine, vaginal, and inferior vesicle arteries
in the ligament the ureter is medial, and deep to the uterine artery

32
Q

Marked atrophy of GI villi

A

Celiac

33
Q

Distended M0 in the intestinal lamina propria

A

Whipple disease

T. whippelli

34
Q

PMNs in the crypt lumen

A

UC

35
Q

Intestinal inflammation with granulomas

A

Crohn’s Dx

36
Q

Massive infiltration of the intestinal lamina propria with ATYPICAL lymphocytes

A

GI lymphoma

37
Q

Explosive diarrhea and nausea with normal GI villi

A

Lactase Df.

38
Q

meconium ileus

A

neonatal GI obstruction

In CF, if there is decreased water secretion = can happen

39
Q

heartburn
regurgitation
dysphagia
Barium swallow: dilated esophagus with no peristalsis

A

CREST syndrome

not accompanied by increased gastric acid

40
Q

“birds beak” Barium swallow

A

Achalasia

41
Q

Abnormal GEJ

A

Sliding hiatal hernia = stomach will be above the diaphragm - so it is seen on CXR = weird.

42
Q

anti-centromere Ab

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

43
Q

florid duct lesion

A

pre-cirrhotic primary biliary cirrhosis

shows granulomatous inflammation of interlobular bile ducts and heavy portal tract infiltrate with inflammatory cells

Very similar process to GVH

44
Q

Green liver with micro nodules

A

progressed primary biliary cirrhosis

45
Q

Mallory bodies
neutrophil infiltration
fibrosis
liver

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

46
Q

microvesicular steatosis

A

Reye’s syndrome

47
Q

(+) hemosiderin deposition

A

Hemochromatosis

48
Q

GGT elevation

A

specific serum marker for alkaline phosphatase origin in the biliary Dx.
(+) GGT = (+) biliary damage

49
Q

High PT and Low s[albumin]

A

severe liver damage = really bad prognosis

50
Q

bleeding time

A

marker of PLT function

not a specific marker for hepatic disease

51
Q

AST>ALT by a factor of 2

A

Classic for Alcoholic liver Dx

52
Q

ST-segment elevation

A

MI

53
Q

inferior MI

A

Block of Right Coronary artery:
this also supplies the SA/AV nodes

often an Inferior MI will show with Bradycardia

54
Q

use of Atropine can precipitate ____

A

acute closed - angle glaucoma

inuit/asian = inc. risk

55
Q

HBx protein

A

made by latent HBV: will disrupt normal Cell cycle regulation, binds p53

56
Q

HCV in a normal liver = HCC?

A

less likely than HBV driven HCC.

HCV will commonly lead to HCC in an “altered environment” = aka cirrhotic liver

57
Q

Glycogen - rich cuboidal epithelial pancreatic tissue

A

Serous Pancreatic CA

58
Q

columnar mucinous epithelium - pancreas

A

mucinous cystic neoplasms

59
Q

atypical cells formatting papillary projections in pancreas

A

papillary variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

60
Q

epithelial cells lining a cyst

A

True pancreatic cyst.

not just granulation and fibrous tissue

From USMLE-Rx (1 decks)

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