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Russia A-level > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Monarch

A

a monarch with complete control over the state and its people

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2
Q

agrarian socialism

A

taking estates from landowners and splitting the land between peasant farmers

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3
Q

anti-Semitic

A

having a prejudice towards Jews

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4
Q

apparat

A

the party ‘apparatus’ or administrative system

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5
Q

autocratic

A

having no limits on a ruler’s power

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6
Q

Black Hundreds

A

nationalist gangs devoted to ‘Tsar, Church and Motherland’

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7
Q

bureaucracy

A

a system of government where the important decisions are made by state officials not elected representatives

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8
Q

burzhui

A

anyone considered a hindrance to worker or peasant prosperity

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9
Q

capital accumulation

A

building up money reserves in order to invest

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10
Q

capitalism

A

private enterprise, which includes making money out of a ‘capital’ investment

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11
Q

central committee

A

elected by the party congress and, in turn, elected the politburo between each party congress

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12
Q

Cheka

A

the name given to the Bolshevik secret police

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13
Q

civil servant

A

someone working for the government

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14
Q

closed court session

A

a trial held in secret to which no observers or media were permitted

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15
Q

Comecon

A

the council for mutual economic assistance, established in 1949 to coordinate the economic growth of the Soviet bloc

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16
Q

Cominform

A

the communist information bureau, established in 1947 to disseminate propaganda and establish soviet control over all communist parties

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17
Q

command economy

A

making the government responsible for economic coordination

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18
Q

conscription

A

compulsory enlistment of a person into the military service

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19
Q

constitution

A

set of rules by which a country is governed

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20
Q

constitutional monarch

A

a monarch who rules in conjunction with an elected assembly which limits his power

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21
Q

cottage industry

A

work done in the workers’ own home or a small workshop

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22
Q

Dacha

A

a second home in the country, often used by Russians in the summer

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23
Q

democratic centralism

A

communist idea where local soviets elected higher-level soviets to sit at the assembly

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24
Q

Dual power

A

whereby Russia was governed by an alliance of the Provisional Government and the Soviet

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25
Q

Duma

A

an elected governing assembly

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26
Q

edict

A

an official order issued by a person of authority

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27
Q

electoral colleges

A

a system where individuals vote for others who can then vote on their behalf

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28
Q

emancipation

A

freeing from bondage

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29
Q

former people

A

dispossessed old elites from Russia who had no place in the new russia

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30
Q

general strike

A

a strike that involves all workers so the country is brought to a standstill

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31
Q

Gosplan

A

the state general planning commission (1921-91); helped coordinate economic development and, from 1925, drafted economic plans

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32
Q

Great Turn

A

the move from NEP to the five-year plans and collectivisation of agriculture entailed a move to central planning and a ‘command economy’

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33
Q

gulags

A

economic colonies where millions of prisoners were used to dig mines and canals, build railways and clear forests

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34
Q

Holy Synod

A

a group of bishops which forms the ruling body of the orthodox church

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35
Q

indirect voting

A

a citizen elects a delegate to vote in the general election on their behalf

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36
Q

intelligentsia

A

the more educated members of Russian society, including writers and philosophers with both humanitarian and nationalist concerns

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37
Q

internal market demand

A

the desire and ability to buy the products of manufacturing within the country

38
Q

Kolkhoz

A

a collective operated by a number of peasant families on state-owned land

39
Q

Komunalki

A

communal family dwellings formed of formerly private apartments that were resettled shortly after the revolution

40
Q

Komsomol

A

the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the youth division of the communist party which was represented in its own right in the supreme soviet

41
Q

Kulak

A

a prosperous landed peasant

42
Q

landowning elite

A

those who owned land and who were a privileged minority in Russian society

43
Q

Lend-Lease

A

a programme under which the USA supplied the USSR (and other nations) with food and wartime material between 1941 and 1945

44
Q

mandate

A

the authority to carry out a policy; this is usually given by the electorate to a party or candidate that wins an election

45
Q

martial law

A

an extreme measure involving the use of military force; military leaders are used to enforce the law and normal civil liberties are suspended

46
Q

military colony

A

where the conscripts lived (with their families) and trained, all under strict military discipline

47
Q

mir

A

a peasant commune

48
Q

mortgage

A

involves borrowing money by providing a guarantee

49
Q

national ideology

A

a belief in the strength of one’s own country, language and traditions

50
Q

nationalisation

A

taking businesses out of private hands and placing them under state control

51
Q

Nepmen

A

speculative traders who brought up produce from peasants to sell in the towns, and consumer items in the towns to sell in peasant markets - making a profit on both transactions

52
Q

Nomenklatura

A

a category of people who held key administrative positions in areas such as government, industry, agriculture and education, appointed by the communist party in the region

53
Q

orthodox church

A

following a split in the catholic church in the eleventh century, the eastern orthodox church developed its own beliefs and rituals

54
Q

over-procurator

A

appointed by the Tsar from the laity, this was the highest church official

55
Q

pan-Slavism

A

a belief that the Slav races should be united

56
Q

partisan

A

a member of the military force behind the frontline opposing the control of the area by the enemy

57
Q

Party of St Petersburg Progress

A

a loose title given to the more liberal nobles and officials who frequented the salons of the Tsar’s aunt, or gathered around his brother

58
Q

patriarchal

A

fatherly; in Russia, the male had almost unlimited authority over his family

59
Q

payment in kind

A

payment in goods or services, such as accommodation, rather than money or wages

60
Q

petty-bourgeois

A

derogatory term for peasants who were middle class or ‘bourgeois’ in there outlook, thinking only of themselves and how they could make profits

61
Q

pogrom

A

an assault by one ethnic group on another; after 1881 it gained the special connotation of an attack on Jews

62
Q

polarised

A

opposite extremes such as the North and South poles

63
Q

police state

A

a state in which the activities of the people are closely monitored and controlled for political reasons

64
Q

politburo

A

the highest policy-making government authority under communist rule

65
Q

pragmatic

A

dealing with matters realistically based on practical rather than theoretical considerations

66
Q

presidium

A

Stalin re-named the politburo as the presidium in 1952; this name was retained until 1966

67
Q

procuracy

A

a government office responsible for ensuring all government ministries and institutions, as well as individual officials and citizens, obeyed the law

68
Q

proleteriat

A

urban working class

69
Q

proleterianisation

A

to turn the mass of the population into urban workers

70
Q

provincial

A

living away from the capital

71
Q

pud

A

a Russian measure of weight

72
Q

purge

A

getting rid of those regarded as ‘impure’ i.e. believed to hold different political views

73
Q

reaction

A

implies actions and policies that are backward looking in an attempt to restore the past

74
Q

red guards

A

paramilitary voluntary soldiers serving the Bolsheviks to January 1918 when they were reorganised into the red army

75
Q

redemption payment

A

serfs were required to pay money in exchange for their freedom

76
Q

russification

A

forcing everyone within the Russian empire to think of themselves as Russian by enforcing the Russian language and culture

77
Q

samizdat

A

dissident activity whereby individuals reproduced works that would not pass the censor, and distributed them

78
Q

scorched earth policy

A

destroying anything useful to the enemy before retreating

79
Q

seminary

A

a training college for priests

80
Q

serf

A

a person who was the property of the lord for whom he or she worked

81
Q

show trial

A

a trial that took place in front of the general public, usually for ‘propaganda’ purposes

82
Q

socialism

A

the political and economic theory that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned by the community as a whole and that people should work cooperatively together

83
Q

socialist economy

A

one in which there is no private ownership and in which all members of society have a share in the states resources

84
Q

socialist

A

person who believes that society should be egalitarian

85
Q

soviet

A

workers’ council; the one in Petrograd (known as the Petrograd Soviet) was the most important

86
Q

sovnarkom

A

the cabinet made up of the important ministers who, between them, would run the country

87
Q

tamizdat

A

printing banned writings abroad

88
Q

Tsar

A

the title by which the Russian ‘emperors’ were known

89
Q

veshenka

A

the council of the national economy

90
Q

volost

A

a peasant community consisting of several villages or hamlets

91
Q

war credits

A

raising taxes and loans to finance war

92
Q

whites

A

the forces ranged against the Bolsheviks ‘Reds’

Russia A-level (8 decks)

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