key terms

Question 1

gender bias

Answer 1

results when one gender is treated less favourably than the other

Question 2

alpha bias

Answer 2

when the differences between men and women are exaggerated

Question 3

beta bias

Answer 3

when the differences between men and women are minimised

Question 4

andocentrism

Answer 4

taking male thinking/ behaviour as normal regarding female thinking/ behaviour as deviant when it’s different

Question 5

culture

Answer 5

all the knowledge and values shared by a society

Question 6

emic consruct

Answer 6

a construct that is applied to only one cultural group

Question 7

emic aproach

Answer 7

the investigation of a culture from within the culture itself

Question 8

culture bias

Answer 8

when a researcher assumes an emic construct is actually an etic

Question 9

etic construct

Answer 9

a theoretical idea that is assumed to apply in all cultural groups

Question 10

imposed etics

Answer 10

a construct from one culture is applied inappropriately to another

Question 11

ethnocentrism

Answer 11

when a researcher assumes their own culturally specific practices or ideas are ‘natural’ or ‘right’

Question 12

cultural relativism

Answer 12

the principle of regarding the beliefs, values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself

Question 13

environmental determinism

Answer 13

our behaviour is caused by some sort of outside influence

Question 14

biological determinism

Answer 14

our biological systems govern our behaviour

Question 15

psychic determinism

Answer 15

Freud believed childhood experiences and unconscious motivations governed behaviour

Question 16

hard determinism

Answer 16

free will is an illusion and every event and action has a cause

Question 17

soft determinism

Answer 17

represents middle ground, people do have a choice but that choice is constrained by external factors

Question 19

Nature

Answer 19

Te view that all our behaviour is determined by our biology

Question 20

Nurture

Answer 20

All behaviour is learnt and influenced by external factors

Question 21

Holism

Answer 21

Behaviour cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up

Question 22

Reductionism

Answer 22

The belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts

Question 23

Nomothetic approach

Answer 23

How our behaviours are similar to each others as human beings

Question 24

Idiographic approach

Answer 24

How our behaviours are different to each other

Question 25

Privacy

Answer 25

Asking people questions of a personal nature could offend

Question 26

Confidentiality

Answer 26

Information leaked to others may affect a participants life

Question 27

Sound and valid methodology

Answer 27

When research findings are publicised people are likely to take them as fact

Question 28

Deception

Answer 28

Causing the wider public to believe something which isn’t true

Question 29

Informed consent

Answer 29

Participants should be informed of how they are taking part in research

Question 30

Justice and equitable treatment

Answer 30

E.g. publicising an idea which creates prejudice against a specific group

Question 31

Scientific freedom

Answer 31

Science shouldn’t be censored but there should be some monitoring of sensitive research

Question 32

Ownership data

Answer 32

When research findings could be used to make social policies which affect peoples lives may be public ally accessible

Question 33

Cost/ benefit analysis

Answer 33

If the cost outweighs the potential/ actual benefits it is unethical