Key Terms Flashcards
Proteins
Controls and builds structure for cellular activity
Nucleolus
Synthesizes rRNA and Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Assemble polypeptides
- bound to the endoplasmic reticulum for use outside of cell
- free floating in the cytoplasm for use inside the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transports and modified proteins
Golgi body
Packages proteins for export or internal use
Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer regulating passage of substances in and out of the cell
Vesicles
A membrane bound sac used to transport materials around the cell
Mitochondria
Uses oxygen to break down molecules to synthesize ATP from ADP
Cytoskeleton
Provides support for vesicle and membrane movement
Gene
Segment of DNA which code for polypeptides
Gene expression
A segment of the DNA that is actively being transcribed to produce a polypeptide that will fold into a protein
Mutation
When a change in the order of bases I’m DNA( genetic code )
DNA protection from mutations
Being :
- double stranded for stability
- being enclosed in a nuclear membrane as to not be affected by metabolic processes outside
- being wrapped around histone proteins
Transcription
The process of synthesizing mRNA using a DNA template
RNA polymerase
The catalyst for transcription
Nucleotides
Building blocks ( monomers) of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA) consisting of a sugar , phosphate and nitrogen base ( A,T, U,G,C)
mRNA
Long and linear , and carries the order of bases from DNA
tRNA
Contains 3 exposed nucleotide bases and an associated amino acid attached called an anticodon . The anticodon identifies the specific type of amino acid
Carbohydrates
All consist of the elements
: carbon , hydrogen and oxygen
Main roles :
- provide energy :- main respiratory substrate is glucose
- store energy :- glycogen and starch
- structural - cellulose
Monosaccharides formula
CnH2n0n
Hexose
A monosaccharide composed of six carbon atoms
Pentose
A monosaccharide composed of 5 carbon atoms
Glucose properties
- aerobic respiration to provide ATP
- soluble - good for transportation
-Main product of photosynthesis - stable structure
Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides are joined together via a condensation reaction
Maltose
A disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage
Lactose
A disaccharide formed from one glucose and one galactose molecule joined together by a glycosidic linkage
Sucrose
A disaccharide formed from one glucose and one fructose molecule joined together by a glycosidic linkage
Glycosidic linkage
Covalent bonds formed when monosaccharides are joined together in condensation reactions
Condensation reactions
When two molecules are joined together with a covalent bond to form a larger molecule and a water molecule is released
Hydrolysis reaction
When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of a water molecule and the breaking of a covalent bond
Anabolic reaction
A reaction that requires energy to synthesize larger molecules from smaller molecules
Catabolic reaction
A reaction that produces smaller molecules by hydrolysis of larger molecules , with the release of energy .
Polysaccharides
A polymer consisting of many monosaccharides monomers covalently bonded together
Amylose
A linear polysaccharide that is part of a starch molecule , consisting of a-glucose molecules, connected by a1-4 glycosidic linkages
Amylopectin
A branched polysaccharide that is part of a starch molecule, consisting of a-glucose molecules connected by both a1-4 and a1-6 glycosidic linkages
Glycogen
A branched polysaccharide of a-glucose that serves as an energy store in animal cells
Cellulose
A polysaccharide composed of b-glucose molecules that is the main structural component of plant cell walls
Fats
A type of lipid , primarily composed of saturated fatty acids , that are solid or semi solid at room temperature
Oils
A type of lipid , primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids , that are liquid at room temperature
Steroid
A type of lipid with a molecular structure that includes 4 interconnected carbon rings
Wax
A type of lipid composed of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols that is typically solid at room temperature
Triglycerides
Made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to one glycerol molecule
Glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol with chemical formula or C3H8O3, that forms the backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acid
A long chain organic molecule consisting of a carboxyl group at one end and hydrocarbon tail
Saturated
All carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail are linked by single bonded
Monounsaturated
Has one C-C double bond
Polyunsaturated
Has more than one C-C double bond
Phospholipids
Made up of one phosphate group and two fatty acids covalently bonded to one glycerol molecule
Anphipathic
A molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Amine group
Consists of a nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms
Carboxyl group
Consists of a carbon atom attached to an OH group and another oxygen atom
R group
The variable side group of amino acids
alpha carbon
Central carbon of amino acids
Essential amino acids
Must be consumed in the diet
No essential amino acids
Can be made from other amino acids
Dipeptide
Two amino acids joined together by a peptide linkage
Primary structure
The order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure
The arrangement and interaction of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein
Non conjugated protein
Consists of only amino acids in one or more polypeptide chain
Conjugated proteins
Not only consists of amino acids but also one or more prosthetic group which plays a role in the proteins function
Prosthetic group
A non-protein group which can be either organic or inorganic
Fibrous protein
Structural proteins characterized by its elongated , insoluble and repetitive amino acid sequences , providing strength and stability to tissue organs of the body
Globular proteins
Compact proteins with a spherical shape , often soluble in water and typically involved in metabolic roles in the body
Active site
A region on an enzyme where the sun substrate binds
Specificity
The ability of an enzyme to selectively recognize and bind to a specific substrate
Activation energy
The minimum level of energy required to enable a chemical reaction to occur and proceed to the product form the reactant
Semi-conservative
Each new molecule of DNA produced during replication has one original (parent) strand and one new strand
Helicase
The enzyme responsible for unzipping and unwinding DNA during replication
DNA polymerase
The enzyme responsible for building new strands in DNA replication
Taq polymerase
Heat stable polymerase used in PCR ( polymerase chain reaction )
Restriction enzymes
Are used to cut DNA into fragments
Gel electrophoresis
A technique used to separate fragments of DNA by applying an electric current
Degeneracy
Multiple codons or set of three nucleotides can code for the same amino acid during protein synthesis
Point mutation
A change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence
Genotype
The combination of alleles for a gene inherited by an organism
Phenotype
Observable traits of an organism based on genotype and environmental factors
Test cross
Crossing unknown dominant phenotype with homozygous recessive to determine genotype
Homozygous
Two copies of the same allele
Heterozygous
Two different alleles present
