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Chemistry Foundations > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

A chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Covalent Bond

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2
Q

Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

A

Isotopes

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3
Q

A charged chemical species.

A

Ion

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4
Q

The most stable orbital arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule.

A

Ground-state configuration

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5
Q

A chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Covalent Bond

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6
Q

The net electrical character arising from an asymmetric charge distribution.

A

Dipole moment

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7
Q

A compound formed between two elements with different electronegativities.

A

Ionic compound

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8
Q

A bond that possesses an asymmetric distribution of electrons.

A

A polar covalent bond

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9
Q

The molecular shape in which a central atom is bonded to four other atoms located at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.

A

Tetrahedral

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10
Q

The molecular shape in which a central atom is bonded to five other atoms located at the corners of a trigonal bipyramid.

A

Trigonal bipyramidal

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11
Q

The molecular shape in which a central atom is bonded to three other atoms lying in a plane at 120° angles to one another.

A

Trigonal planar

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12
Q

The principle of minimising electron–electron repulsion by placing electron pairs as far apart as possible.

A

Valence-shell-electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)

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13
Q

The temperature and pressure above which the distinction between the liquid and vapour phases disappears.

A

Critical point

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14
Q

The attractive force between polar molecules that results from the negative end of one molecule aligning with the positive end of its neighbour.

A

Dipole–dipole forces

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15
Q

The force resulting from the induction of a dipole in a molecule by a neighbouring molecule having a permanent dipole.

A

Dipole-induced dipole forces

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16
Q

The attraction between the negatively charged electron cloud of one molecule and the positively charged nuclei of neighbouring molecules.

A

Dispersion forces

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17
Q

A moderately strong intermolecular attraction caused by the partial sharing of electrons between a highly electronegative atom of F, O or N and the polar hydrogen atom in a F─H, O─H or N─H bond.

A

Hydrogen bond

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18
Q

The ease with which the electron density about an atom or molecule can be distorted.

A

Polarisability

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19
Q

A molecule composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single.

A

Alkane

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20
Q

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon double bond.

A

Alkene

21
Q

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon triple bond.

A

Alkyne

22
Q

The bonds connecting axial groups. For organic conformers, the axial bonds are those that are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the chair, boat or envelope.

A

Axial Bonds

23
Q

A stereoisomer that differs in the positioning of two groups with respect to a reference plane.

A

cis–trans isomer

24
Q

An isomer that cannot be interconverted by rotation around a single bond.

A

Configurational isomer

25
Q

Isomers with different sequences of atom connectivity.

A

Constitutional isomers

26
Q

Bonds oriented in a chair conformation of a cyclic structure in the general plane of the seat of the chair.

A

Equatorial bonds

27
Q

A group of atoms within an organic molecule that determines the molecule’s chemical reactivity.

A

Functional group

28
Q

A molecule composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

A

Hydrocarbon

29
Q

A hydrocarbon in which at least one carbon atom does not have the maximum possible number of atoms bonded to it.

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

30
Q

A compound in which the carbon atom of the C═O group is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.

A

Ketone

31
Q

Isomers with the same molecular formula and the same connectivity but different orientations of their atoms in space.

A

Stereoisomers

32
Q

A molecule that contains a separation of electric charge.

A

Polar molecule

33
Q

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

A

Isomers

34
Q

An ─OH group.

A

Hydroxyl Group

35
Q

A functional group generated by combining a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water to give a carbonyl carbon atom that is also further bound to a different saturated carbon atom via an oxygen atom linkage.

A

Ester

36
Q

A pair of stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.

A

Enantiomers

37
Q

A compound with two alcohol groups.

A

Diol

38
Q

A pair of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

A

Diastereomers

39
Q

Isomers with different sequences of atom connectivity.

A

Constitutional isomers

40
Q

Describes an object that is not superimposable on its mirror image.

A

Chiral

41
Q

A ─COOH group.

A

Carboxyl group

42
Q

Molecules containing the C═O (carbonyl) group.

A

Carbonyl compounds

43
Q

An acyl group bonded to a trivalent nitrogen atom.

A

Amide

44
Q

An amine in which the nitrogen atom is bonded only to alkyl groups.

A

aliphatic amine

45
Q

A compound containing an ─OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to an sp3 hybridised carbon atom.

A

Alcohol

46
Q

A carbonyl group bonded to an alkyl or aryl group

A

Acyl group

47
Q

Describes an object that lacks chirality; that is, it is superimposable on its mirror image.

A

Achiral

48
Q

Derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.

A

Amines

49
Q

The ease with which the electron density about an atom or molecule can be distorted

A

Polarisability

Chemistry Foundations (1 decks)

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