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UK politics > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Legitimacy

A

The rightful use of power in accordance with pre-set criteria or widely held agreements

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2
Q

Direct democracy

A
  • All individuals expressed their opinions themselves and not through representatives acting on their behalf
  • emerged in Athens in classical times and direct democracy can be seen in referendums
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3
Q

representative democracy

A
  • A more modern form of democracy
  • through which an individual select a person and or political party to act on their behalf
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4
Q

Pluralist democracy

A
  • democracy in which a government makes decisions - as a result of the interplay of various ideas and contrasting arguments
  • from competing groups and organisations
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5
Q

democratic deficit

A
  • A flaw in the democratic process
  • where decisions are taken by people who lack legitimacy
  • not having been appointed with sufficient democratic input
  • or subject to accountability
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6
Q

participation crisis

A

-A lack of engagement by a significant number of citizens
-either by choosing not to vote
- or become members of political parties or to offer themselves for public office

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7
Q

franchise/suffrage

A

the ability/right to vote in public elections

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8
Q

Think tanks

A
  • A body of experts bought together to collectively focus on a certain topic
  • to investigate and offer solutions to often complicated economic, social and political issues
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9
Q

lobbyists

A
  • A person paid by clients to try to influence the government, MPs or members of the House of Lords to act in their clients interest
  • particularly when legislation is under consideration
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10
Q

New labour (third Way)

A
  • A revision of the traditional labour values and ideals represented by old labour
  • influence by Anthony Giddens
  • the third way saw labour shift in emphasis from heavy focus on the working class to a wider class space
  • and a less robust alliance with trade unions
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11
Q

One nation

A

A paternalistic approach adopted by conservatives under the leadership of Benjamin Disraeli in the 19th century and continued by David Cameron and Teresa in the 21st century, rich have an obligation to help the poor

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12
Q

New right
(neo conservatives)

A

There are two elements, one the neo conservatives who want the state to take a more authoritarian approach to morality and law and order

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13
Q

new right
(neo liberals)

A

endorsed the freemarket approach and the rolling back of the state in peoples lives and businesses

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14
Q

Classic liberals

A

A philosophy developed by early liberals who believed that individual freedom would best be achieved with the state playing a minimal role

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15
Q

Modern liberals

A

emerged as a reaction against free market capitalism, believing this had led to many individuals not being free. Freedom could no longer simply be defined as being left alone.

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16
Q

Party systems

A

The way or manner in which the political parties in a political system a group and structured

there are several variants that could apply to UK:
These include one party dominant, two party, two and half party and multiple party systems.

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17
Q

Left-wing

A

those who desire change, reform and alteration to the way in which society operates
often this involves radical criticisms of the capitalism made by liberal and socialist parties

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18
Q

right wing

A

this term reflects support for the status quo, little or no change, stressing the need for order, stability and hierarchy
- generally relates to the conservative parties

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19
Q

First past the post (FPTP)

A

an electoral system where the person with the most number of votes is elected
victory is achieved by having one more vote than other contenders.
It is also called a plurality system.

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20
Q

Additional member system (AMS)

A

A hybrid electoral system that has two components the voters makes two choices.
Firstly the vote to select a representative on a simple plurality (FPTP) then a second vote is a portion to a party for a second or additional representative.

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21
Q

Single transferable vote (STV)

A

allows votes to write their voting preferences in numerical order rather than simply having one voting choice
- In order to obtain a seat candidate must obtain a quota after the votes are cast, those with the least votes are eliminated and their votes transferred
and those with excess votes above the quota also have their votes transferred

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22
Q

supplementary vote (SV)

A

A majoritarian system
The vote makes two choices if one candidate obtain over 50% on the first vote then the contest is complete.
If no candidate contains this level all but the top two candidates are eliminated, then the supplementary choices are
re-distributed and whoever get the most votes from the remaining two winer seat.
this vote for mayors and police and crime commissioners was ended by the elections act in 2022

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23
Q

safe seat

A

A seat in which the incumbent has considerable majority over the closest rival and which is largely immune from swings and voting choice

24
Q

marginal seat

A

A seat held by the incumbent with a small majority
There is no precise percentage or winning margin to which this aligned
module seats and important as they are aware the outcomes of elections are decided
Only a minority of seats in the UK Westminster constituencies are marginal

25
Q

minority government

A

A government that enters office, but which does not have a majority of seats in the legislature (parliament)
This makes passing legislation very difficult

26
Q

coalition government

A

A government that is formed of more than one political party
It is normally accompanied by an agreement over policy options and office of state
eg, conservative-liberal-democrat coalition from 2010 - 2015

27
Q

What is class the alignment?

A

The process where individuals no longer identify themselves as belonging into a certain class and for political purposes fail to make a class connection with their voting pattern

28
Q

partisan dealignment

A

The process where individuals no longer identify themselves on a long-term basis by being associated with a certain political party 

29
Q

governing competency

A

The perceived ability of the governing party in office to manage the affairs of the state well and effectively
it can also be a potential view of opposition parties and their perceived governing competency if they were to secure office

30
Q

Disillusion and apathy

A

A process of disengagement with politics and political activity
having no confident in politics and politicians as being able to solve issues and make a difference
manifested in low turn out at elections and poor awareness of contemporary events

31
Q

manifesto

A

and its manifesto a political party was spelt out in detail what actions and programs that would like to put in place
- if it is successful in the next election
A set of promises for future action

32
Q

mandate

A

The successful party following an election claims it has authority (mandate) to implement its manifesto promises and also a general permission to govern as new issues arise

33
Q

Hierarchy (tori)

A

The conservative belief that society is naturally organised in fixed tears, where one‘s position is not based on individual ability

34
Q

authority (tori)

A

for conservatives this is the idea that people in high positions in society are best able to make decisions in the interest of the whole society
Authority thus comes from above

35
Q

change to conserve (tori)

A

that society should adapt to changing circumstances rather than reject change outright and risk rebellion and or revolution

36
Q

Atomism (tori)

A

that society is made up of self-interested in self-sufficient individuals
(aka egoistical individualism)

37
Q

noblesse oblige
(tori)

A

The duty of the wealthy and privileged to look after those less fortunate

38
Q

Anti-permissiveness (tori)

A

A rejection of permissiveness which is the belief that people should make their own moral choices, suggesting there is no objective right and wrong

39
Q

radical (tori)

A

Belief whose ideas, favour drastic political, economic and social change

40
Q

human imperfections (tori)

A

The traditional conservative belief that humans are flawed in a number of ways which makes them incapable of making good decisions for themselves

41
Q

laissez faire (tori)

A

A preference towards minimal government intervention in business and the state

42
Q

empiricism

A

The idea that knowledge comes from real experience and not from abstract theories

43
Q

foundational equality
(liberalism)

A

Rights that all humans have by virtual being born, which cannot be taken away
(aka natural rights and inalienable rights)

44
Q

formal equality
(liberalism)

A

The idea that all individuals have the same legal and political rights in society

45
Q

equality of opportunity
(liberalism)

A

The idea that all individuals should have equal chances in life to rise and fall

46
Q

social contract
(liberalism)

A

The idea that the state/society is set up with agreement from the people to respect its laws which serve to protect them

47
Q

meritocracy
(liberalism)

A

A society organise on the basis that success is based on ability and hard work 

48
Q

Mechanistic theory
(liberalism)

A

The idea that the state was created by a man to serve the people and act in their interests

49
Q

tolerance
(liberalism)

A

a willingness to respect values, customs and beliefs with which one disagree

50
Q

limited government
(liberalism)

A

The role of government is limited by checks and balances, and a separation of powers because of the corrupting nature of power

51
Q

egoist individualism
(liberalism)

A

The idea that individual freedom is associated with self interest and self reliance

52
Q

developmental individualism
(liberalism)

A

The idea that individual freedom is linked to human flourishing

53
Q

negative freedom
(liberalism)

A

The absence of external constraints in society as well as no interference in the private sphere

54
Q

positive freedom
(liberalism)

A

The idea that freedom is about personal fulfilment and realisation of potential

55
Q

laissez-faire capitalism
(liberalism)

A

an economic system organised by the market, where goods are produced for exchange and profit, and wealth is privately owned

56
Q

keynesianism
(liberalism)

A

an economic system that requires government involvement to stimulate the economy to achieve full employment and price stability 

UK politics (1 decks)

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