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POLI 100 Midterm Keyterms > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Extrajudicial

A

not legally authorized; outside the law

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2
Q

Identity

A

person’s defining characteristics

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3
Q

Identity Politics

A

any politics based on shared characteristics that organizes groups
and motivates their actions. The practice of identity politics is typically understood to be an explicit and conscientious choice, but it can be situated on spectrums of explicit and implicit choice and more or less conscious decision making.

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4
Q

Institutions

A

the rules, formal or informal, that structure how decisions are made

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5
Q

Intersectionality

A

the analytical framework, pioneered by Black women, to illuminate how racial, gendered, and other kinds of disadvantage reinforce each other. The concept is that our many identities can be sources of multiple and overlapping
oppressions (or privileges).

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6
Q

Knowledge Production

A

the process by which researchers produce empirically
grounded (scientific) knowledge

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7
Q

Marginalized

A

the treatment of a person or persons as incidental, or peripheral. The
terms underrepresented, non-normative, and marginal are synonyms of this idea.

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8
Q

Political Institutions

A

sets of written and unwritten rules that structure politics and
shape the behavior of political actors

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9
Q

State

A

a territorial entity; also called a country (not to be confused with the state,
which is the full political apparatus with a monopoly over the legitimate use of vio- lence in a given territory)

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10
Q

Affective Polarization

A

people’s increasing hostility toward their ideological opponents

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11
Q

Canon

A

the foundational texts of a given academic discipline

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12
Q

Civil Society

A

all social and political organizations that exist outside the control of the
state

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13
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

emotional discomfort/mental stress caused by the clash be-
tween our beliefs and new information

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14
Q

Collective Action

A

when groups of people work together to achieve a goal that an individual could not achieve alone

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15
Q

Critical Political Theory

A

seeks to expose, explain, and remedy the social systems that contribute to oppression in all of its many forms

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16
Q

Democratic Deficit

A

the gap between people’s idea of how democracy should func- tion and their satisfaction with how it does function

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17
Q

Home Truths

A

unpleasant truths – usually pointed out to us by someone else – that make us examine who we are, our faults, and our behavior

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18
Q

Legitimacy

A

people’s voluntary acceptance of government

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19
Q

Misogyny

A

ingrained dislike of/disdain for and prejudice against women

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20
Q

Politics

A

who gets what, when, and how

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21
Q

Racism

A

discrimination against persons of another race based on the presumption
that one race is superior to another

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22
Q

Social Identity

A

a person’s sense of self based on the groups (ethnic/racial, linguistic,
religious, ideological, etc.) with which they identify

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23
Q

Classical Liberal

A

an individual who promotes values such as individual liberty, freedom of speech, religious freedom, economic self-interest, and limited or “small” government

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24
Q

Good Life

A

vision or understanding of what ideal human relations look like

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25
Q

LGBTQ+

A

an acronym used to describe the gender identities and/or sexual orientation of individuals who define themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer; the + represents all the other orientations/identities encompassed within the community

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26
Q

Marxist

A

an individual who believes that capitalist economies always pay workers less than the price of the products and services they produce with the result that a wealthy few own and profit from the labor of the many

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27
Q

Suffrage

A

the right to vote; universal suffrage is the right of all adult citizens to vote, regardless of gender, wealth, property ownership, education, or any other restriction

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28
Q

Suffragist

A

a person who advocates for individuals’, especially women’s, right to vote

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29
Q

Western

A

people, practices, and ideas associated with Canada, the United States, New
Zealand, Australia, and Europe

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30
Q

Ideology

A

“an explicit, consciously held belief system”1 that consists of “a set of idea-elements that are bound together, that belong to one another in a non-random fashion.”2 More specifically, it is a set of values and beliefs that structures how people think their broader societies and political institutions should be organized.

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31
Q

Political Values

A

beliefs about how to rank priorities for who should get what, when, and how

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32
Q

Social Structure

A

the “most basic, enduring, and determinative patterns in social life”;3 the arrangement of individuals and groups according to their relative power

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33
Q

The State

A

the full political apparatus with a monopoly over the legitimate use of vio- lence in a given territory (not to be confused with a state, which is a territorial entity, [i.e., a country], as noted in the Introduction to this book)

34
Q

Agency

A

the capacity to act

35
Q

Cisgender

A

person whose internal sense of gender identity corresponds with the
sex assigned to them at birth

36
Q

Collective Identity

A

shared sense of group belonging

37
Q

Frame Resonance

A

collective action frames that resonate, or appeal, to a target audience

38
Q

Framing

A

the process by which social movements construct social meanings

39
Q

Majority Group

A

groups who have significant power, regardless of and sometimes irrelevant to their numerical size

40
Q

Master Frame

A

generic frame that connects big, widely shared ideas to specific policy prescriptions

41
Q

New Social Movements

A

the supposition that contemporary social movements prioritize identities, values, and expressive goals over concrete material needs

42
Q

Political Opportunity Structure

A

events or broad socioeconomic processes that impact the organization of major power structures

43
Q

Positionality

A

the way in which racial, class, gender, and other salient identities interact to situate actors in the world; it is informed by both the actor’s internal sense of identity as well as by identification – the way in which the actor is identified by others

44
Q

Power Asymmetry

A

an imbalance in power between two sides

45
Q

Privilege

A

unearned and often unrecognized rights or advantages

46
Q

Public Goods

A

a public benefit or product provided or accessible to all members of a community without exception

47
Q

Repertoires of Contention

A

the array of protest tools readily available to a group at specific points in time

48
Q

Social Movements

A

organized, collective, non-institutionalized challenges to specific targets seeking to achieve a common goal

49
Q

Strategy

A

the specific path or methods movements adopt to reach their goal(s)

50
Q

Tactics

A

the specific actions actors take to affect their strategies and reach their goals

51
Q

Unmarked

A

the recognition that some people, things, or ideas are designated as standard, and thus taken for granted as normal, in opposition to those people, things, or ideas that are marked by their difference

52
Q

Dominant-Party Systems

A

party systems characterized by one very large party with an absolute majority (50 per cent) of votes and seats that dominates over other par- ties for an extended period of time

53
Q

Duverger’s Law

A

describes how single-member plurality electoral systems favour two- party systems while proportional representation favours multiparty politics

54
Q

Electoral System

A

the system created by the electoral rules in their entirety

55
Q

Members–Voters Gap

A

the gap between the social and political profiles of political party members and voters

56
Q

Multiparty Systems

A

party systems where multiple political parties have the potential to gain control of government offices, either separately or in coalition

57
Q

Party Systems

A

sets of parties that compete and cooperate with each other for office and control of government

58
Q

Political Party

A

there is no singular definition of a political party, but most definitions broadly centre on an understanding of a political party as a group of people organized for the purpose of winning governmental power by electoral means

59
Q

Political Recruitment

A

the study of how and why people become politicians, focus- ing on the critical stages through which individuals move into political careers

60
Q

Descriptive Representation

A

facet of political representation that refers to which social groups are represented in the legislature; also known as mirror representation

61
Q

District

A

the territorial area that an elected official represents in the legislature; also called a constituency or riding

62
Q

District Magnitude

A

the number of seats available in the electoral district; abbreviated as the letter “m”

63
Q

Electoral Rules

A

the laws that set forth how voters choose their elected representatives and how votes are turned into seats in the national legislature

64
Q

Ethnic Quotas

A

a quota law that applies to candidates or elected representatives from specific racial, ethnic, linguistic, ethno-linguistic, religious, or ethno-religious groups

65
Q

Gender Parity

A

when the gender quota mandates half men and half women

66
Q

Gender Quotas

A

a quota law that applies to candidates or elected representatives
who are women

67
Q

Plurality

A

referring to the most, not the majority; in single-member districts, candidates win with the most votes

68
Q

Political Representation

A

a multifaceted concept describing who is present in a national legislature and what they do

69
Q

Substantive Representation

A

a facet of political representation that refers to which
interests are manifested during the lawmaking process as well as the extent to which voters’ policy preferences and interests are promoted by their representatives

70
Q

Conceptual Stretching

A

a conceptual problem that arises when a concept is applied to a broad set of cases; the meaning of the concept is “stretched” in an attempt to cover all cases, yet it loses meaning or becomes distorted in the process

71
Q

Conceptual Traveling

A

a conceptual challenge faced by comparativists because concepts do not always have the same meaning in different contexts, yet concepts should be able to “travel” to different contexts without losing meaning

72
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

a research design used to compare different cases at one point in time

73
Q

Cross-Temporal Research

A

a research design used to compare one case over a longer period of time

74
Q

Decolonization

A

the political and economic processes of removing formal colonial governance by Global North countries of Global South countries (also called decolonialization); often also refers to transformation in the informal and formal knowledge and education systems so that the formal colonial governing power is not merely replaced with neocolonial exercise of economic power

75
Q

Explanatory Unit

A

the major relevant entity used to explain patterns of results

76
Q

Falsification

A

the scientific process during which existing theories are tested and revised in light of new empirical evidence

77
Q

Historically Marginalized Groups

A

groups whose interests, grievances, and voices
risk being overlooked in politics as a result of historical and structural processes of
marginalization

78
Q

Inequality Regimes

A

broad set of political practices, processes, actions, and meanings that (re)produce power hierarchies and social inequalities in relation to social class, gender, race, ethnicity, age, and so on

79
Q

Inference

A

the process of generalizing characteristics from a set of cases to the entire
population (causal inference means drawing conclusions on the causal link be-
tween characteristics)

80
Q

Observational Unit

A

the major relevant entity used in data collection and analysis

81
Q

Political Culture

A

sets of beliefs and values people have about politics that are related to how they think about politics, the political values they cherish, whether they believe politicians can be trusted, how they relate to the political system, and how they define and express their political identities

82
Q

Unit of Analysis

A

the major relevant entity under study

POLI 100 Midterm Keyterms (3 decks)

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