key terms

Question 1

norms

Answer 1

unwritten rules of behaviour for specific social situations

Question 2

values

Answer 2

are limited to the concept of non-material culture.
values are beliefs about what is right and wrong in the world, based on widespread agreement.

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

the shared, learned way of life as a social group.
based around shared norms and values

Question 4

socially constructed

Answer 4

created or influenced by society

Question 5

value consensus

Answer 5

according to durkheim, a shared set of norms and values is crucial to a healthy, functioning society

Question 6

anomie

Answer 6

when many people in society are unsure of what norms and values they are expected to have
this leads to people becoming emotionally distressed
durkheim

Question 7

cultural transmission

Answer 7

another way of saying learning a society’s culture
this happens through socialisation

Question 8

cultural diversity

Answer 8

differences between cultures/ societies in terms of norms, values, beliefs and rituals
for example, western societies practice monogamy whereas many collectivist cultures practice polygyny

Question 9

sub culture

Answer 9

group who may hold different norms and values, attitudes to those of mainstream society

Question 10

deviant subcultures

Answer 10

groups with norms and values that go against those held by the rest of society

Question 11

anti school subcultures

Answer 11

groups of students who misbehave and resist the norms and values taught in schools

Question 12

socialisation

Answer 12

the life long process of learning the culture of society
a person will learn the norms and values of their society through six agents of socialisation

Question 13

primary socialisation

Answer 13

process of learning culture, how to be human, takes place within the family

Question 14

secondary socialisation

Answer 14

process of learning wider societal values, takes place outside the house

Question 15

agents of socialisation

Answer 15

the institutions of society where the norms and values of society are learnt and culture is passed on

Question 16

nurture

Answer 16

behaviour is determined by environment
for example, you learn how to act

Question 17

nature

Answer 17

behaviour is determined by your biology/genes
for example, you are born that way

Question 18

feral children

Answer 18

human children who have lived isolated from human contact during their early years (0-5 years old)

Question 19

instinctive behaviour

Answer 19

feral children are reduced to natural, innate actions like eating, sleeping and drinking because they don’t experience primary socialisation

Question 20

social change

Answer 20

the shared norms and values people in society had usually over time

Question 21

instrumental role

Answer 21

according to parsons, the male parent in the family is more suited to fulfilling the financial needs of the family through work

Question 22

expressive role

Answer 22

according to parsons, the male parent in the family is more suited to fulfilling the financial needs of the family through work

Question 23

roles

Answer 23

define the expected behaviour patterns or norms for those with particular status
for example, we expect students to behave differently compared to teachers
because we have different status’ we have many different roles

Question 24

role conflict

Answer 24

when the demands and expectations of one clash with those of another
the individual must decide with roles’ expectations they will prioritise as they cannot fulfil both

Question 25

adult roles

Answer 25

the part of function that individual adults have in society
often these are influenced by gender socialisation so are linked to gender roles
examples include occupations (jobs), being a mother or father, or a husband or wife

Question 26

status

Answer 26

social position someone has in society
based on how others perceive an individual’s role and how much power it may have

Question 27

ascribed status

Answer 27

largely fixed and largely unchangeable
for example one’s gender or ethnicity

Question 28

achieved status

Answer 28

is the result of effort and choice
for example, gaining qualifications and entering a particular career

Question 29

social mobility

Answer 29

in societies based on achieved status this exists as people will have opportunities to move up and down the levels of hierarchy/the social scale in society

Question 30

gender roles

Answer 30

the norms and values that men and women are expected to have

Question 31

gender role socialisation

Answer 31

the process by which girls and boys learn norms they are expected to follow and believe

Question 32

masculinity

Answer 32

norms, values and roles that are associated with men and boys
sociologists believe this is, to a large extent, socially constructed.

Question 33

femininity

Answer 33

norms, values and roles that are associated with women and girls
sociologists believe this is, to a large extent, socially constructed

Question 34

canalisation

Answer 34

boys and girls are channelled into appropriate activities

Question 35

verbal appellations

Answer 35

language used to reinforce gender stereotypes
for example, girls will be called ‘angel’ and ‘princess’ whereas boys are often ‘little monsters’

Question 36

media stereotypes of gender roles

Answer 36

butler argues these are so powerful that it is very difficult to avoid gender role socialisation

Question 37

social identity

Answer 37

concerning the groups you belong to, how others see you
for example, female and muslim

Question 38

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