Key Terms Flashcards
What is the independent variable
The variable the researcher manipulates.
What is the dependent variable?
The variable the researcher measures.
What is the extraneous variable?
Variables that are not measured or manipulated however affect the DV of all participants behaviour.
What is the confounding variable?
Not measured or manipulated but only effect some participants behaviour, has a negative effect for validity.
What is operationalisation?
A precise definition of the behaviour being the IV/DV
What is an aim?
A statement of what the researcher wants to find out.
Hypothesis
Statement that research is predicted to support.
What is a null hypothesis?
A hypothesis which implies there is no difference/ relationship between variables.
Lab experiment
Cause and effect are measured through control/manipulation of variables , random allocation.
Field experiment
Cause and effect measured in a natural setting through control/ manipulation, random allocation
Quasi experiment
IV is not deliberately manipulated, no random allocation areas are natural experiments and difference study’s.
Online research
Involves questionnaires but can be experimental.
Internet/social networks/mobile apps.
Random allocation
Participants are put into random groups. Prevents issues with bias
Standardisation
When only the IV is changed, all participants tested equally
Standardisation
When only the IV is changed, all participants tested equally
Experimental condition
Group of participants are exposed to the IV
Control condition
IV is not treated/ manipulated.
Independent measures design
Participants take part it only one experimental condition
Repeated measures design
Participants take part in both experimental and control conditions
Matched pairs design
Independent groups design where the experimental and control. Participants are deliberately similar e.g. balance between gender
Counter balancing
Used to deal with order effect when using a repeated measures design. Participants complete conditions in opposite orders
What is opportunity sampling?
Participants are chosen by their convenience to the researcher, they know no details in advance.
What is systematic sampling?
Every nth person is selected by the researcher.
What is stratified sampling?
Target group is divided into sub groups. Participants are selected randomly from each sub group.
What is quota sampling?
Participants decided into sub groups. Participants from each sub group is selected by the convenience to the researcher.
What is self selected sampling?
When the participants volunteer them selves by responding the the psychologists advertising
What is snowball sampling
Participants are initially recruited by the psychologist and recruit further people they know.
Event sampling
Participants are observed by researcher. Specific behaviour is recorded each time it occurs to create a total score.
Time sampling
Psychologist records behaviour at specific time intervals and then creates an average score for each participant.
Privacy
Refers to a zone of inaccessibility to the mind and body and trust that it will not be invaded
Confidentiality
The communication of information from one person the another and trust that it will be protected
Deception
Participants aren’t told about the true aims of the study which could lead to a moral dilemma, it puts their valid consent into question
Right to withdraw
Letting the participants know they can leave the study at any time and withdraw their data.
Informed consent
Should be aware of exactly what they are doing safeguarding is required for u16s and people with impairments. Consent is also needed from parents
Protection from harm
Participants should not experience any negative physical or psychological effects beyond what would be normal to experience
Ethical guidelines
A set of moral principles to guide the research through its completion and publication of results
Ethical committee
Board in place to ensure proposed research meets the standards of current codes of conducts and guidelines.
