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Geography > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

upland

A

area of relief above 400m

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2
Q

lowland

A

areas of land below 200m

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3
Q

relief

A

the shape and elevation of the land

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4
Q

high relief landscape

A

landscape with steep slopes and high elevation differences

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5
Q

low relief landscape

A

landscape with low gradient slopes and low elevation differences

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6
Q

relief rainfall

A

The process by which moist prevailing winds hit the upland areas (mountains/hills) and are forced to rise. As the air rises it Cools, Condenses forming Clouds and Rainfall (CCCR)

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7
Q

prevailing winds

A

the dominant wind direction

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8
Q

rain shadow

A

the dry eastern lowlands of Great Britain

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9
Q

water stress

A

pressure on water supplies caused by demand exceeding or threatening to exceed supply

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10
Q

housing shortage

A

when population growth exceeds house building

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11
Q

population density

A

the number of people per square kilometre

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12
Q

densely populated

A

many people per sq km

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13
Q

sparsely populated

A

few people per sq km

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14
Q

population distribution

A

the uneven spread of people across a country

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15
Q

arable farming

A

the growing of crops for food

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16
Q

pastoral farming

A

the raising of cattle for meat and milk production

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17
Q

urban area

A

built up area

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18
Q

Greenfield site

A

when housing is built on land that has never been used before

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19
Q

brownfield site

A

when housing is built on land that has previously been built on

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20
Q

immigrant

A

a person entering a country to live and work

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21
Q

emigrant

A

a person leaving a country to live or work

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22
Q

net migration

A

the annual difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

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23
Q

population pyramid

A

a divided bar graph showing the age and gender of a population

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24
Q

young dependant population

A

children under 16 years

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25
Q

economically active population

A

working age people 16-65

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26
Q

elderly dependant population

A

old people over 65 years

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27
Q

baby boomers

A

high numbers of children born in 1946-1947 following the end of world war 2

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28
Q

demographic transition model

A

Theory of how population changes over time. Shown on a line graph showing how birth rates, death rates and total population changes over time as a country develops

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29
Q

birth rate

A

number of babies born per 1000 people per year

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30
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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31
Q

natural increase

A

when the birth rate exceeds the deathrata, so a natural population increase occurs

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32
Q

natural decrease

A

when the death rate exceeds the birth rate, so a natural population decrease occurs

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33
Q

fertility rate

A

average number of babies born per woman

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34
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years a baby is expected to live

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35
Q

ageing population

A

an increase in proportion over 65 years

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36
Q

grey pound

A

spending power of old people which boosts the economy

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37
Q

grey vote

A

political power of old people who vote in more elections and therefore are more able to influence the government

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38
Q

deindustrialisation

A

a period of factory closure and loss of manufacturing jobs

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39
Q

recession

A

when an economy shrinks (less GNI) for 2 quarters in a row (6 months)

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40
Q

government spending deficit

A

when a government spends more money than it receives in taxes

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41
Q

austerity

A

when a government reduces spending on schools, healthcare and social benefits

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42
Q

primary sector

A

industries collecting raw materials like farming and fishing

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43
Q

secondary sector

A

industries that manufacture products in a factory

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44
Q

tertiary sector

A

industries that meet the needs of people by providing services

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45
Q

economic hub

A

a small specialised centre of economic activity

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46
Q

unilateral

A

action taken by one country

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47
Q

bilateral

A

action taken by two countries working together

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48
Q

ultilateral

A

when three or more countries work together

49
Q

united nations

A

193 countries working together for peace

50
Q

G7

A

group of 7 most industrialised countries, excluding russia

51
Q

EU

A

an economic and political group of 27 countries

52
Q

NATO

A

a military alliance of 29 countries in North America and europe

53
Q

OECD

A

36 Acs working together stimulate economic development and trade

54
Q

conflict zone

A

a zone in which war is ongoing, disrupting daily life and economic activity

55
Q

Cultural

A

to do with the beliefs and values of a particular group of people or society

56
Q

Media

A

the industries that specialise in the communication of information and ideas. Digital or paper

57
Q

Quarternary period

A

period of colder global climates starting 2.6 million years ago

58
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

the trapping of out-going terrestrial radiation by greenhouse gases, causing rising temperatures

59
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

A more powerful greenhouse effect caused by human emissions of carbon dioxide and methane

60
Q

Global warming

A

the term for rising global temperatures since 1910

61
Q

Greenhouse gasses

A

gases that trap out-going Earth radiation. e.g. CO2; methane

62
Q

Ice cores

A

samples of ice drilled from ice caps, containing bubbles of ancient air, analysed to reveal past natural climate change

63
Q

Glacial periods

A

cold periods when large ice sheets covered the land

64
Q

Interglacial periods

A

the warm periods between glacial times. We are in the Holocene interglacial

65
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

Three time periods relating to the Earth’s orbit and axial tilt

66
Q

Eccentricity

A

the changing pattern of the Earth’s orbit, from almost circular to elliptical, every 100,000 years, affecting the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth

67
Q

Axial tilt

A

the changing pattern of the Earth’s orbit, from almost circular to elliptical, every 100,000 years, affecting the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth

68
Q

Axial precession

A

a ‘wobble’ in the Earth’s spin, about every 22,000 years, that may cause temperature change

69
Q

Solar radiation

A

the incoming radiation from the sun, heating the Earth

70
Q

Sun spots

A

dark patches on the Sun, associated with solar flares. More sunspots = more solar energy

71
Q

Terrestrial radiation

A

the out-going radiation (heat) from the Earth’s surface

72
Q

Drought

A

a prolonged period of below average rainfall

73
Q

Bottom-up development

A

a development scheme, funded by or carried out by NGOs in co-operation with local communities. Local scale

74
Q

Child mortality

A

the number of children who die before the age of 5

75
Q

Civil war

A

a war between citizens of the same country

76
Q

Commodities

A

a raw material that can be bought or sold

77
Q

Debt relief

A

the total or partial cancellation of debts owed by LIDCs

78
Q

Development

A

an improvement in the quality of life

79
Q

Gross national income (GNI) per capita

A

How much a country earns per person

80
Q

Human development index (HDI)

A

a measurement of quality of life.

81
Q

Industrialisation

A

the process whereby factories, and manufacturing increases and dominates

82
Q

International aid

A

help that one country gives to another in times of need, taking the form of food, technology, money or advice.

83
Q

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

A

UN targets for reducing extreme poverty bu 2015.

84
Q

Natural resources

A

materials that occur in nature that can be sold/exported for money

85
Q

Political unrest

A

riots and violence linked to who controls or governs

86
Q

Poverty

A

when there is a lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money

87
Q

Transnational company (TNC)

A

a large company that operates in more than one country

88
Q

Top-down development

A

a development scheme, funded and carried out by government or a large international organisation like the Word Bank. National scale

89
Q

Uneven development

A

the unequal distribution of wealth globally or within a country

90
Q

Abrasion

A

the process by which pebbles grind along a rock surface, much like sandpaper

91
Q

Attrition

A

the process by which this is when rocks that the river/sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded

92
Q

Backwash

A

The movement of water down the beach

93
Q

Bedding plane

A

the surface that separates each successive layer of a stratified rock from its preceding layer

94
Q

Biological weathering

A

rocks and land can be broken down by the action of living creatures

95
Q

Built landscape

A

a landscape that has predominantly human created structures and infrastructure and how the land is used, roads, fences and pylons

96
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Chemical reactions weaken rocks.

97
Q

Fault

A

A crack in rock caused by movement in the crust

98
Q

Fauna

A

Animals in an ecosystem

99
Q

Floodplain

A

the flat area of land either side of a river channel forming the valley floor, which may be flooded

100
Q

Flora

A

plants in an ecosystem

101
Q

Freeze-thaw cycle

A

daily fluctuations of temperature either side of freezing point; when repeated they cause expansion and contraction of rock and weathering

102
Q

Gabions

A

metal cages filled with rocks which can form part of a sea defence

103
Q

Geology

A

Rocks, their formation, structure and composition

104
Q

Geomorphic processes

A

processes that result in a change in the shape of the Earth

105
Q

Glacial periods

A

historic cold periods associated with build-up of snow and ice and the growth of ice sheets

106
Q

Glacial processes

A

processes resulting in the action of ice through the movement of ice or linked to cold

107
Q

Glacier

A

a frozen river of ice formed by snow and ice accumulating in mountains or polar areas

108
Q

Headland

A

an area of land that extends out to sea

109
Q

Hydraulic action

A

an erosive process which involves the pressure of water hitting a surface along with compressed air in cavities, resulting in the removal of rock fragments

110
Q

Igneous

A

rocks formed within the interior of the Earth from Magma or on the surface from Lava

111
Q

Impermeable

A

a surface or substance that does not allow water to pass through it

112
Q

Joints

A

a surface or substance that does not allow water to pass through it

113
Q

Landform

A

a natural feature on the Earth’s surface

114
Q

Levees

A

raised banks along a river that can reduce flooding. Can be formed naturally by repeated flooding and deposition or by human engineering

115
Q

Longshore drift

A

the movement of sediment along a stretch of coastline as result of wave action

116
Q

Meanders

A

a sinuous bend in a river that results from river erosion and deposition

117
Q

Natural landscape

A

a sinuous bend in a river that results from river erosion and deposition

118
Q

Oxbow lake

A

a crescent shaped lake that forms when a meander is cut off from the main river channel

Geography (9 decks)

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