key terms Flashcards
Induction
means making a general point from particular examples. It refers to bottom-up theorizing in which you start from a series of similar experiences and devise a theory that explains them
Deduction
refers to arriving at conclusions about a particular instance based on your knowledge of general theory, as in formal theories of practice that are applied deductively by family therapy practitioners. Shared values principles of social work theory are theoretical value principles that inform all social work.
Alliance
reflects the idea of equality between client and practitioner.
Aims
focus on clear specification of outcomes that helps gain commitment from both practitioner and client.
Action
sequences suggest the need for more clarity in describing the intended activities for practitioners and clients to work on.
Critical practice
suggests that practitioners question the social structures that contribute to client problems.
Rights
suggest that all theories of practice are increase human rights into their activities.
Selective use of theory
review the theories and then select one group of theories to use as the basis for practice.
Eclecticism
means taking ideas from several theories and combining them to produce a style of work that suits the agency and the capabilities and preferences of the individual social worker.
Remedial model of groups
brings together individuals who have problems, aiming to help them change their undesired patterns of behaviour reflects the idea of equality between client and practitioner.
Reciprocal model of groups
emphasizes self-help and mutual support according to a program devised by group members with a social worker.
Social goals model of group
uses groupwork to pursue external goals, such as arts, community or education activity.
Evidence based practice
suggests that practice is based on knowledge that comes from empirical evidence.
Deductive theory
suggest that practice theory comes from general social ideas, or downwards from the “top” the political-social ideological arena
Inductive processes
idea of practice theory come out of practitioners’ daily experience, upwards from the “bottom” the client-social workers agency arena
Evidence based practice (EBP)
suggests that practice is based on knowledge that comes from empirical evidence.
Anxiety and ambivalence
are derived from the inadequate resolution of problems earlier in life and lead to powerful feelings of aggression, anger, and love.
Attachment
refers to the behaviour and emotional reactions of children seeking proximity to a person whom they perceive offers security in an environment in which they fear danger.
Attunement
is the process of appreciating and responding to emotions and attitudes that lie underneath the surface behaviour
Coping
is the ability to manage present problems without anxiety
Defenses and resistance
are two common psychological barriers to working on life issues. They derive from a poor resolution of past problems.
Transference and countertransference
refer to the effect of past experience that is transferred into present behaviour patterns. Practitioners can reflect on how clients react to them and how this makes them feel so that they can directly experience how clients behave with others and how others might feel. Relationships with people may be used to model effective thinking and self-control, and as a vehicle to gain influence and confidence to explore psychological issues-relational practice.
Working through
is a process of repeatedly remembering crucial examples of problem behaviour as they occurred, exploring what happened, and thinking about ways in which events and their emotional consequences might have been different
Proximity
seeing trying to be close to caregivers.
4 main attachment behaviours in all cultures
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure ambivalent
ambivalent attachment resistant
secure attachment
have learned that they can safely express their need for proximity in the carer’s presence and the carer will try to understand the need and help to manage the distress. They will go to the carer on their return and the carer will react supportingly and lovingly.
insecure avoidant attachment
have learned that they should not display their feelings, so they repress and supress their anxiety. Although upset when the carer leaves they appear unmoved when the parent returns because the carer clearly expresses that they expect the child to manage their emotions. In these situations, the parental behaviour is one of rejecting the child. In response the child exhibits behaviour that demonstrates little distress when their parents leave or return – helps the child maintain proximity to their parent without risking rejection.
insecure ambivalent attachment
have learned that the carer does not react consistently, and the children also react randomly and unpredictably. When the carer returns, they switch in a haphazard way between wanting proximity and continuing to play. The carer’s efforts to calm the child’s distress are misattuned because of failure to pick up what reaction the child finds helpful.
ambivalent attachment resistant
show a high level of stress both upon separation and when their primary caregivers are present. Upon reunification, these children demonstrate angry resistance- seeking out their caregivers, but then pushing them away.
Crisis
is a major upset in our psychological equilibrium due to some harm, threat, or challenge which we cannot cope.
2 ways we use crisis
- To refer to a process of events in people’s lives that provides a focus for practitioners to work with clients
AND
- To refer to commonly occurring elements of life that present a series of maturational tasks to complete.
Brief interventions
are used by both crisis and task-centered practice interventions
Structured, planned, and directive programs
of intervention are used in crisis and in task-centered practice interventions.
Tasks
are structured elements of intervention in task-centered practice but are also important challenges in life that have to be overcome in order to achieve emotional satisfaction and to maintain positive social relationships within crisis intervention.
Contracts or agreements
with clients help them to participate in and structure treatment plans
SMART goals
specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely
Crisis stabilization units
provide short term emergency treatment for individuals in crisis
Stress
any influence that interferes with the normal functioning of an organism and produces some internal strain or tension. “human psychological stress” refers to environmental demands or internal conflicts that produce anxiety
Stress- is a process- not an individual variable nor response
Stressors
can include major events and daily hassles. Stressors may be chronic or acute.
what are the 3 categories of psychological stress
harm
threat
challenge
harm
a damaging event that has already occurred.
threat
a perceived potential for harm that has not yet happened
challenge
an event we appraise as an opportunity rather than an occasion for alarm
Serious mental conditions
such as learned helplessness, anxiety disorders, and dissociative disorders
Coping
is the process through which the individual manages the demands of the person-environment relationship that are appraised as stressful. Two types problem focused coping and emotion focused coping.
PTSD
a delayed psychological reaction to experiencing an event that is outside the range of usual human experience. Stressful events of this type include accidents, natural disasters, military combat, rape, and assault. Stresses that are not unusual to people such as, marital problems, bereavement, and illness, are excluded from this class of disorders. Individuals may react to these vents by having difficulty concentrating; feeling emotionally blunted or numb; being hyperalert or grumpy; and having painful memories; nightmares; and sleep disorders.
Behaviour therapies
focus on changing specific behaviours
Cognitive therapies
focus on changing inappropriate thinking processes.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT)
focus on how thinking processes generate behaviour patterns
Social learning
focuses on the learning that results from peoples’ perceptions of social experiences
Assertiveness training
enables people to practice behaviours so that they can gain confidence in their behaviours and thus improve overall social confidence.
Modelling
is a form of social learning in which people understand and copy useful behaviours from a valued role model.
Motivational interviewing
may be used to engage challenged clients
Mindfulness
techniques focus on paying attention to important issues in our lives.
Evocation
MI requires practitioners to evoke or open up the clients’ strengths and skill to achieve desired changes in their lives.
Evocation
MI requires practitioners to evoke or open up the clients’ strengths and skill to achieve desired changes in their lives.
Self-efficacy
an important aim is to build and support clients’ belief in their capacity to make changes in their lives and social world.
Sustain and change talk
Motivation to change is built by helping clients move away from expressing in talk their thinking about difficulties in making desired changes to expressing possibilities for change.
Discrepancy
Change is motivated by helping clients become aware of the discrepancy between their life as they want it to be and as it is now.
Rolling with resistance
Redirecting clients’ resistance to change through reframing their thinking processes helps retain their motivation to change.
Affirmation
reminding clients of, and acknowledging, their achievements builds motivation.
Elicitation
This involves drawing out ambivalence about and opportunities for change.
5 characteristics of a system
1) Steady state
2) Equilibrium
3) Differentiation
4) Non-summativity
5) Reciprocity
5 ways systems ideas help
1) Maintain consistency in practice
2) Realize that context is important
3) Maintain a positive approach
4) Identify patterns
5) Emphasize process when working with others and joint working
Entropy
a system must have input from the outside or it will run down and die
Life stressors
stressors can be in the form of a person, family, or community and apply energy to the system
are transitions and events that disturb the fit and adaptedness between person and environment leading to stress that is beyond our ability to cope
Non-summativity
the idea that the whole may be more than the sum of the parts
Reciprocity
If one part of a system changes, that change interacts with all the other parts and thus in turn creates change
Steady state
the idea that a system can incorporate change without changing identity
Steady state
the idea that a system can incorporate change without changing identity
Adaptation, adaptedness, fit
peoples’ needs, capacities, and goals may or may not fit well to their environment and adaptive exchanges release and support adaptedness.
Habitat, niche
habitat is the physical and social context within which people live power, powerlessness, pollution. Abuse of power in support of sectional interests creates social and environmental pollution.
Life course
the non-uniform pathways of biopsychosocial human and environmental development, involving historical, individual, and social time.
Resilience
is the capacity to bounce back from adverse events, assisted by protective factors in the person or in their environment and exchanges between these.
