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Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

adjacent-layer interaction

A

which refers to the concepts of how adjacent layers in a networking model, on the same computer, work together. In this example, the higher-layer protocol (HTTP) wants error recovery, so it uses the next lower-layer protocol (TCP) to perform the service of error recovery; the lower layer provides a service to the layer above it.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 125). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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2
Q

de-encapsulation

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1523). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

A

On a computer that receives data over a network, the process in which the device interprets the lower-layer headers and, when finished with each header, removes the header, revealing the next-higher-layer PDU.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1523-1524). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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3
Q

encapsulation

A

encapsulation refers to the process of putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 136). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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4
Q

frame .

A

One reason this chapter takes the time to show the encapsulation steps in detail has to do with terminology. When talking and writing about networking, people use segment, packet, and frame to refer to the messages shown in Figure 1-13 and the related list. Each term has a specific meaning, referring to the headers (and possibly trailers) defined by a particular layer and the data encapsulated following that header. Each term, however, refers to a different layer: segment for the transport layer, packet for the network layer, and frame for the link layer. Figure 1-13 shows each layer along with the associated term.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 138). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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5
Q

networking model

A

A networking model, sometimes also called either a networking architecture or networking blueprint, refers to a comprehensive set of documents. Individually, each document describes one small function required for a network; collectively, these documents define everything that should happen for a computer network to work. Some documents define a protocol, which is a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate. Other documents define some physical requirements for networking. For example, a document could define the voltage and current levels used on a particular cable when transmitting data.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 114). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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6
Q

packet

A

One reason this chapter takes the time to show the encapsulation steps in detail has to do with terminology. When talking and writing about networking, people use segment, packet, and frame to refer to the messages shown in Figure 1-13 and the related list. Each term has a specific meaning, referring to the headers (and possibly trailers) defined by a particular layer and the data encapsulated following that header. Each term, however, refers to a different layer: segment for the transport layer, packet for the network layer, and frame for the link layer. Figure 1-13 shows each layer along with the associated term.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 138). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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7
Q

protocol data unit (PDU).

A

segment. OSI uses the term protocol data unit (PDU). A PDU represents the bits that include the headers and trailers for that layer, as well as the encapsulated data. For example, an IP packet, as shown in Figure 1-13, using OSI terminology, is a PDU, more specifically a Layer 3 PDU (abbreviated L3PDU) because IP is a Layer 3 protocol. OSI simply refers to the Layer x PDU (LxPDU), with x referring to the number of the layer being discussed, as shown in Figure 1-15.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 142). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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8
Q

same-layer interaction

A

called same-layer interaction. When a particular layer on one computer wants to communicate with the same layer on another computer, the two computers use headers to hold the information that they want to communicate.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 125). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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9
Q

segment

A

One reason this chapter takes the time to show the encapsulation steps in detail has to do with terminology. When talking and writing about networking, people use segment, packet, and frame to refer to the messages shown in Figure 1-13 and the related list. Each term has a specific meaning, referring to the headers (and possibly trailers) defined by a particular layer and the data encapsulated following that header. Each term, however, refers to a different layer: segment for the transport layer, packet for the network layer, and frame for the link layer. Figure 1-13 shows each layer along with the associated term.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 138). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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10
Q

Ethernet

A

The term Ethernet refers to a family of LAN standards that together define the physical and data-link layers of the world’s most popular wired LAN technology. The standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), define the cabling, the connectors on the ends of the cables, the protocol rules, and everything else required to create an Ethernet LAN.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 152). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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11
Q

IEEE

A

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. A professional organization that develops communications and network standards, among other activities.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1537). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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12
Q

Wired Lan

A

Ethernet LANs are often called wired LANs. Ethernet LANs also make use of fiber-optic cabling, which includes a fiberglass core that devices use to send data using light. In comparison to Ethernet, wireless LANs do not use wires or cables, instead using radio waves for the links between nodes; Part V of this book discusses Wireless LANs at length.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 147). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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13
Q

wireless LAN

A

wireless LAN A local-area network (LAN) that physically transmits bits using radio waves. The name “wireless” compares these LANs to more traditional “wired” LANs, which are LANs that use cables (which often have copper wires inside).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1574). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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14
Q

Ethernet Frame

A

While the physical layer standards focus on sending bits over a cable, the Ethernet data-link protocols focus on sending an Ethernet frame from source to destination Ethernet node. From a data-link perspective, nodes build and forward frames.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 158). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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15
Q

Fast Ethernet

A

Fast Ethernet The common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 100 megabits per second.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1531). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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16
Q

Gigabit Ethernet

A

Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC): The original form factor for a removable transceiver for Gigabit interfaces; larger than SFPs

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 165). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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17
Q

ethernet link

A

The term Ethernet link refers to any physical cable between two Ethernet nodes.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 162). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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18
Q

Ethernet port

A

To complete the physical link, the nodes each need an RJ-45 Ethernet port that matches the RJ-45 connectors on the cable so that the connectors on the ends of the cable can connect to each node. PCs often include this RJ-45 Ethernet port as part of a network interface card (NIC),

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 163). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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19
Q

cross-over cable

A

two like devices connect to an Ethernet link, they both transmit on the same pins. In that case, you then need another type of cabling pinout called a crossover cable.

While that previous sentence is true, this concept is much clearer with a figure such as Figure 2-12. The figure shows what happens on a link between two switches. The two switches both transmit on the pair at pins 3 and 6, and they both receive on the pair at pins 1 and 2. So, the cable must connect a pair at pins 3 and 6 on each side to pins 1 and 2 on the other side, connecting to the other node’s receiver logic. The top of the figure shows the literal pinouts, and the bottom half shows a conceptual diagram.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 169). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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20
Q

Ethernet address

A

Ethernet address A 48-bit (6-byte) binary number, usually written as a 12-digit hexadecimal number, used to identify Ethernet nodes in an Ethernet network. Ethernet frame headers list a destination and source address field, used by the Ethernet devices to deliver Ethernet frames to the correct destination.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1529-1530). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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21
Q

Unicase address

A

unicast address Generally, any address in networking that represents a single device or interface, instead of a group of addresses (as would be represented by a multicast or broadcast address).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1570). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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22
Q

Broadcast address:

A

Broadcast address: Frames sent to this address should be delivered to all devices on the Ethernet LAN. It has a value of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 185). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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23
Q

Frame Check Sequence

FCS

A

Provides a method for the receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced transmission errors.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 182). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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24
Q

transceiver

A

transceiver A term formed from the words transmitter and receiver. The hardware used to both send (transmit) energy over some communications medium (e.g., wires in a cable), as well as to process received energy signals to interpret as a series of 1s and 0s.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1569). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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25
Q

multimode

A

multimode fiber A type of fiber cable that works well with transmitters like LEDs that emit multiple angles of light into the core of the cable; to accommodate the multiple angles of incident, the cable has a larger core in comparison to single-mode fiber cables.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1548). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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26
Q

Single-mode

A

single-mode fiber uses a smaller-diameter core, around one-fifth the diameter of common multimode cables (see Figure 2-17). To transmit light into a much smaller core, a laser-based transmitter sends light at a single angle (hence the name single-mode).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 176). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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27
Q

HDLC

A

HDLC High-Level Data Link Control. A bit-oriented synchronous data-link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1534). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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28
Q

Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS):

A

Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS): A term that refers to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), a technology that can be used to create the Ethernet service for the customer.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 218). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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29
Q

Ethernet Line Service (E-Line):

A

Ethernet Line Service (E-Line): A term from the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) for the kind of point-to-point Ethernet WAN service shown throughout this book.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 218). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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30
Q

Routing table

A

routing table A list of routes in a router, with each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface out which to forward packets destined to that subnet, and as needed, the next-hop router’s IP address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1560). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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31
Q

IP packet

A

IP packet An IP header, followed by the data encapsulated after the IP header, but specifically not including any headers and trailers for layers below the network layer.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1540). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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32
Q

Routing protocol

A

routing protocol A set of messages and processes with which routers can exchange information about routes to reach subnets in a particular network. Examples of routing protocols include Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and Routing Information Protocol (RIP).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1560). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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33
Q

DDN

A

dotted-decimal notation (DDN) The format used for IP version 4 addresses, in which four decimal values are used, separated by periods (dots).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1526). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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34
Q

Unicast address

A

unicast address Generally, any address in networking that represents a single device or interface, instead of a group of addresses (as would be represented by a multicast or broadcast address).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1570). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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35
Q

Host name

A

Thankfully, TCP/IP defines a way to use hostnames to identify other computers. The user either never thinks about the other computer or refers to the other computer by name. Then, protocols dynamically discover all the necessary information to allow communications based on that name.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 237). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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36
Q

ARP

A

LAN. ARP defines a protocol that includes the ARP Request, which is a message that makes the simple request “if this is your IP address, please reply with your MAC address.” ARP also defines the ARP Reply message, which indeed lists both the original IP address and the matching MAC address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 240). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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37
Q

Telnet

A

case). A Telnet client, the device that sits in front of the user, accepts keyboard input and sends those commands to the Telnet

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 265). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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38
Q

SSH

A

Secure Shell (SSH) A TCP/IP application layer protocol that supports terminal emulation between a client and server, using dynamic key exchange and encryption to keep the communications private.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1561). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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39
Q

startup-config

A

startup-config file In Cisco IOS switches and routers, the name of the file that resides in NVRAM memory, holding the device’s configuration that will be loaded into RAM as the running-config file when the device is next reloaded or powered on.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1563). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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40
Q

running-config

A

running-config file In Cisco IOS switches and routers, the name of the file that resides in RAM, holding the device’s currently used configuration.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1560). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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41
Q

broadcast frame

A

broadcast frame An Ethernet frame sent to destination address FFFF.FFFF.FFFF, meaning that the frame should be delivered to all hosts on that LAN.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1517). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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42
Q

known unicast frame A

A

known unicast frame An Ethernet frame whose destination MAC address is listed in a switch’s MAC address table, so the switch will forward the frame out the one port associated with that entry in the MAC address table.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1542). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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43
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

A

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) A protocol defined by IEEE standard 802.ID. Allows switches and bridges to create a redundant LAN, with the protocol dynamically causing some ports to block traffic, so that the bridge/switch forwarding logic will not cause frames to loop indefinitely around the LAN.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1563). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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44
Q

unknown unicast frame,

A

Now again turn your attention to the forwarding process, using the topology in Figure 5-5. What do you suppose the switch does with Fred’s first frame, the one that occurred when there were no entries in the MAC address table? As it turns out, when there is no matching entry in the table, switches forward the frame out all interfaces (except the incoming interface) using a process called flooding. And the frame whose destination address is unknown to the switch is called an unknown unicast frame, or simply an unknown unicast.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 311). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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45
Q

AAA

A

AAA Authentication, authorization, and accounting. Authentication confirms the identity of the user or device. Authorization determines what the user or device is allowed todo. Accounting records information about access attempts, including inappropriate requests.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1511). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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46
Q

AAA Server

A

AAA server A server that holds security information and provides services related to user login, particularly authentication (is the user who he says he is?), authorization (once authenticated, what do we allow the user to do?), and accounting (tracking the user).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1511). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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47
Q

History buffer

A

history buffer In a Cisco router or switch, the function by which IOS keeps a list of commands that the user has used in this login session, both in EXEC mode and configuration mode. The user can then recall these commands for easier repeating or making small edits and issuing similar commands.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1535). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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48
Q

Full Duplex

A

full duplex Generically, any communication in which two communicating devices can concurrently send and receive data. In Ethernet LANs, the allowance for both devices to send and receive at the same time, allowed when both devices disable their CSMA/CD logic.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1533). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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49
Q

half duplex

A

half duplex Generically, any communication in which only one device at a time can send data. In Ethernet LANs, the normal result of the CSMA/CD algorithm that enforces the rule that only one device should send at any point in time.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1534). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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50
Q

802.1Q

A

802.1Q The IEEE standardized protocol for VLAN trunking, which also includes RSTP details.

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51
Q

trunking administrative mode

A

trunking administrative mode The configured trunking setting on a Cisco switch interface, as configured with the switchport mode command.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1569). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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52
Q

trunk interface

A

trunk interface A switch interface configured so that it operates using VLAN trunking (either 802.1Q or ISL).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1569). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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53
Q

vtp mod {server | client | transparent | off}

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 495). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

A

Global config command that defines the VTP mode switchport mode {access | dynamic {auto | desirable} | trunk} Interface subcommand

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 495). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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54
Q

VTP Transparent mode

A

VTP transparent mode One of three VTP operational modes. Switches in transparent mode can configure VLANs, but they do not tell other switches about the changes, and they do not learn about VLAN changes from other switches.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1573). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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55
Q

static access interface

A

static access interface A LAN network design term, synonymous with the term access interface, but emphasizing that the port is assigned to one VLAN as a result of static configuration rather than through some dynamic process.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1564). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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56
Q

Blocking state

A

blocking state In STP, a port state in which no received frames are processed and the switch forwards no frames out the interface, with the exception of STP messages.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1516). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

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57
Q

BPDU Guard

A

BPDU Guard A Cisco switch feature that listens for incoming STP BPDU messages, disabling the interface if any are received. The goal is to prevent loops when a switch connects to a port expected to only have a host connected to it.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1517). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

58
Q

Designated Port

A

designated port In both STP and RSTP, a port role used to determine which of multiple interfaces on multiple switches, each connected to the same segment or collision domain, should forward frames to the segment. The switch advertising the lowest-cost Hello BPDU onto the segment becomes the DP.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1524). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

59
Q

EtherChannel

A

EtherChannel A feature in which up to eight parallel Ethernet segments exist between the same two devices, each using the same speed. May be a Layer 2 EtherChannel, which acts like a single link for forwarding and Spanning Tree Protocol logic, or a Layer 3 EtherChannel, which acts like a single link for the switch’s Layer 3 routing logic.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1529). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

60
Q

forward delay

A

forward delay An STP timer, defaulting to 15 seconds, used to dictate how long an interface stays in the listening state

and the time spent in learning state. Also called the forward delay timer.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1532). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

61
Q

forwarding state

A

forwarding state An STP and RSTP port state in which an interface operates unrestricted by STP.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1532). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

62
Q

Hello BPDU

A

Hello BPDU The STP and RSTP message used for the majority of STP communications, listing the root’s bridge ID, the sending device’s bridge ID, and the sending device’s cost with which to reach the root.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1534-1535). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

63
Q

MaxAge

A

MaxAge In STP, a timer that states how long a switch should wait when it no longer receives Hellos from the root switch before acting to reconverge the STP topology. Also called the MaxAge timer.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1546-1547). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

64
Q

PortFast

A

PortFast A switch STP feature in which a port is placed in an STP forwarding state as soon as the interface comes up, bypassing the listening and learning states. This feature is meant for ports connected to end-user devices.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1554). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

65
Q

Root Port

A

root port In STP and RSTP, the one port on a nonroot switch in which the least-cost Hello is received. Switches put root ports in a forwarding state.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1559). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

66
Q

Root switch

A

rroot switch In STP and RSTP, the switch that wins the election by virtue of having the lowest bridge ID and, as a result, sends periodic Hello BPDUs (default, 2 seconds).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1559). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

67
Q

Root Cost

A

root cost The STP cost from a nonroot switch to reach the root switch, as the sum of all STP costs for all ports out which a frame would exit to reach the root.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1559). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

68
Q

STP/RSTP

A

STP and RSTP strike a balance, allowing frames to be delivered to each device, without causing the problems that occur when frames loop through the network over and over again.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 503). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

69
Q

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)

A

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) Defined in IEEE 802.lw. Defines an improved version of STP that converges much more quickly and consistently than STP (802.Id).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1557). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

70
Q

PVST

A

PVST+ An STP option in Cisco switches that creates an STP instance per VLAN. Cisco proprietary.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1556). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

71
Q

system ID extension

A

system ID extension The term for the formatting applied to the original 16-bit STP priority field to break it into a 4-bit priority field and a 12-bit VLAN ID field.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1567). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

72
Q

PagP

A

PagP Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a messaging protocol defined by Cisco that enables two neighboring devices to realize that they have multiple parallel links connecting to each other and then to decide which links can be combined into an EtherChannel.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1552-1553). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

73
Q

LACP

A

LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol is a messaging protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ad standard that enables two neighboring devices to realize that they have multiple parallel links connecting to each other and then to decide which links can be combined into an EtherChannel.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1542). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

74
Q

PortChannel

A

PortChannel One term Cisco switches use to reference a bundle of links that are, in some respects, treated like a single link. Other similar terms include EtherChannel and Channel-group.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1554). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

75
Q

VLSM

A

variable-length subnet mask (VLSM) The capability to specify a different subnet mask for the same Class A, B, or C network number on different subnets. VLSM can help optimize available address space.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1571). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

76
Q

Host part

A

host part A term used to describe a part of an IPv4 address that is used to uniquely identify a host inside a subnet. The host part is identified by the bits of value 0 in the subnet mask.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1535). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

77
Q

Network Part

A

network part The portion of an IPv4 address that is either 1, 2, or 3 octets/bytes long, based on whether the address is in a Class A, B, or C network.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1550). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

78
Q

Subnet Part

A

subnet part In a subnetted IPv4 address, interpreted with classful addressing rules, one of three parts of the structure of an IP address, with the subnet part uniquely identifying different subnets of a classful IP network.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1565-1566). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

79
Q

Classful IP network

A

classful IP network An IPv4 Class A, B, or C network; called a classful network because these networks are defined by the class rules for IPv4 addressing.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1519). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

80
Q

network ID

A

network ID A number that identifies an IPv4 network, using a number in dotted-decimal notation (like IP addresses); a number that represents any single Class A, B, or C IP network.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1550). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

81
Q

network broadcast address

A

network broadcast address In IPv4, a special address in each classful network that can be used to broadcast a packet to all hosts in that same classful network. Numerically, the address has the same value as the network number in the network part of the address and all 255s in the host octets; for example, 10.255.255.255 is the network broadcast address for classful network 10.0.0.0.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1550). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

82
Q

Default mask

A

default mask The mask used in a Class A, B, or C network that does not create any subnets; specifically, mask 255.0.0.0 for Class A networks, 255.255.0.0 for Class B networks, and 255.255.255.0 for Class C networks.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1524). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

83
Q

binary mask

A

binary mask An IPv4 subnet mask written as a 32-bit binary number.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1516). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

84
Q

prefix mask

A

prefix mask A term to describe an IPv4 subnet mask when represented as a slash (/) followed by a decimal number. The decimal number is the number of binary 1s in the mask.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1554). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

85
Q

CIDR

A

CIDR mask Another term for a prefix mask, one that uses prefix or CIDR notation, in which the mask is represented by a slash (/) followed by a decimal number.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1519). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

86
Q

decimal mask

A

decimal mask An IPv4 subnet mask written in dotted-decimal notation; for example, 255.255.255.0.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1523). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

87
Q

Classless addressing:

A

Classless addressing: The concept that an IPv4 address has two parts—the prefix part plus the host part—as defined by the mask, with no consideration of the class (A, B, or C).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 712). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

88
Q

classful addressing

A

classful addressing A concept in IPv4 addressing that defines a subnetted IP address as having three parts: network, subnet, and host.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1519). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

89
Q

resident subnet

A

resident subnet Each IP subnet contains a number of unicast IP addresses; that subnet is the resident subnet for each of those addresses—that is, the subnet in which those addresses reside.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1557). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

90
Q

subnet number subnet ID

A

subnet number In IPv4, a dotted-decimal number that represents all addresses in a single subnet. Numerically, the smallest value in the range of numbers in a subnet, reserved so that it cannot be used as a unicast IP address by a host.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1565). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

91
Q

subnet broadcast address

A

subnet broadcast address A special address in each IPv4 subnet, specifically the largest numeric address in the subnet, designed so that packets sent to this address should be delivered to all hosts in that subnet.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1565). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

92
Q

Enterprise router

A

enterprise router A term to describe the general role of a router as a router at a permanent site owned or leased by the enterprise, like an office building, manufacturing facility, branch office, or retail location. These sites typically have enough users to justify separate routers, switches, and wireless access points, and are more likely to justify private WAN services, in comparison to SOHO routers.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1528-1529). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

93
Q

SOHO router

A

SOHO router A term to describe the general role of a router that exists as part of the enterprise network but resides at an employee’s home or at a smaller business site, possibly with a short-term lease compared to larger enterprise sites. These sites typically have few devices, so it makes sense to use one device that integrates routing, switches, wireless, and other features into a single device (the SOHO router) and are more likely to justify Internet access as the primary WAN access method.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1562). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

94
Q

Integrated services router ISR

A

Integrated Services Router (ISR) Cisco’s long-running term for several different model series of Enterprise-class routers, intended mostly for use as enterprise routers and some use as SOHO routers. ISR routers first serve as routers but, depending on the family or specific model, support all current types of WAN connections (private and Internet), LAN

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1538). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

95
Q

arp table

A

ARP table A list of IP addresses of neighbors on the same VLAN, along with their MAC addresses, as kept in memory by hosts and routers.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1514). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

96
Q

routing table

A

routing table A list of routes in a router, with each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface out which to forward packets destined to that subnet, and as needed, the next-hop router’s IP address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1560). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

97
Q

Next-hop router

A

next-hop router In an IP route in a routing table, part of a routing table entry that refers to the next IP router (by IP address) that should receive packets that match the route.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1551). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

98
Q

outgoing interface

A

outgoing interface In an IP route in a routing table, part of a routing table entry that refers to the local interface out which the local router should forward packets that match the route.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1552). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

99
Q

connected route

A

connected route On a router, an IP route added to the routing table when the router interface is both up and has an IP address configured. The route is for the subnet that can be calculated based on the configured IP address and mask.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1521). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

100
Q

static route

A

static route An IP route on a router created by the user configuring the details of the route on the local router.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1564). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

101
Q

default route

A

default route On a router, the route that is considered to match all packets that are not otherwise matched by some more specific route.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1524). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

102
Q

Host route

A

host route A route with a /32 mask, which by virtue of this mask represents a route to a single host IP address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1535). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

103
Q

Floating static route

A

floating static route A static IP route that uses a higher administrative distance than other routes, typically routes learned by a routing protocol. As a result, the router will not use the static route if the routing protocol route has been learned, but then use the static route if the routing protocol fails to learn the route.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1532). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

104
Q

administrative Distance

A

administrative distance In Cisco routers, a means for one router to choose between multiple routes to reach the same subnet when those routes were learned by different routing protocols. The lower the administrative distance, the better the source of the routing information.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1512-1513). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

105
Q

Router-on-a-Stick (ROAS)

A

Router-on-a-Stick (ROAS) Jargon to refer to the Cisco router feature of using VLAN trunking on an Ethernet interface, which then allows the router to route packets that happen to enter the router on that trunk and then exit the router on that same trunk, just on a different VLAN.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (pp. 1559-1560). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

106
Q

switched virtual interface (SVI)

A

switched virtual interface (SVI) Another term for any VLAN interface in a Cisco switch. See also VLAN interface.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1567). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

107
Q

VLAN interface

A

VLAN interface A configuration concept inside Cisco switches, used as an interface between IOS running on the switch and a VLAN supported inside the switch, so that the switch can assign an IP address and send IP packets into that VLAN.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1572). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

108
Q

Layer 3 EtherChannel (L3 EtherChannel)

A

Layer 3 EtherChannel (L3 EtherChannel) An EtherChannel that acts as a routed port (that is, not a switched port), and as such, is used by a switch’s Layer 3 forwarding logic. As a result, the Layer 3 switch lists the Layer 3 EtherChannel in various routes in the switch’s IP routing table, with the switch balancing traffic across the various ports in the Layer 3 EtherChannel.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1543). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

109
Q

Routed port

A

routed port A port on a multilayer Cisco switch, configured with the no switchport command, that tells the switchto treat the port as if it were a Layer 3 port, like a router interface.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1559). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

110
Q

multilayer switch

A

multilayer switch A LAN switch that can also perform Layer 3 routing functions. The name comes from the fact that this device makes forwarding decisions based on logic from multiple OSI layers (Layers 2 and 3).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1548). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

111
Q

subinterface

A

subinterface One of the virtual interfaces on a single physical interface.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1564). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

112
Q

ICMP echo request

A

ICMP echo request One type of ICMP message, created specifically to be used as the message sent by the ping command to test connectivity in a network. The ping command sends these messages to other hosts, expecting the other host to reply with an ICMP echo reply message.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1536). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

113
Q

ICMP echo reply

A

ICMP echo reply One type of ICMP message, created specifically to be used as the message sent by the ping command to test connectivity in a network. The ping command expects to receive these messages from other hosts, after the ping
command first sends an ICMP echo request message to the host.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1536). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

114
Q

extended ping

A

extended ping An IOS command in which the ping command accepts many other options besides just the destination IP address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1531). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

115
Q

forward route

A

forward route From one host’s perspective, the route over which a packet travels from that host to some other host.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1532). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

116
Q

reverse route

A

reverse route From one host’s perspective, for packets sent back to the host from another host, the route over which the packet travels.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1557). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

117
Q

convergence

A

convergence The time required for routing protocols to react to changes in the network, removing bad routes and adding new, better routes so that the current best routes are in all the routers’ routing tables.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1522). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

118
Q

shortest path first (SPF) algorithm

A

shortest path first (SPF) algorithm The name of the algorithm used by link-state routing protocols to analyze the LSDB and find the least-cost routes from that router to each subnet.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1562). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

119
Q

distance vector

A

distance vector The logic behind the behavior of some interior routing protocols, such as RIP. Distance vector routing algorithms call for each router to send its entire routing table in each update, but only to its neighbors. Distance vector routing algorithms can be prone to routing loops but are computationally simpler than link-state routing algorithms.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1525). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

120
Q

interior gateway protocol (IGP)

A

interior gateway protocol (IGP) A routing protocol designed to be used to exchange routing information inside a single autonomous system.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1538). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

121
Q

link state

A

link state A classification of the underlying algorithm used in some routing protocols. Link-state protocols build a detailed database that lists links (subnets) and their state (up, down), from which the best routes can then be calculated.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1544). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

122
Q

link-state advertisement (LSA)

A

link-state advertisement (LSA) In OSPF, the name of the data structure that resides inside the LSDB and describes in detail the various components in a network, including routers and links (subnets).

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1544). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

123
Q

link-local multicast address

A

link-local multicast address A multicast IPv6 address that begins with FF02, with the fourth digit of 2 identifying the scope as link-local, to which devices apply a link-local scope.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1544). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

124
Q

2-way state

A

2-way state In OSPF, a neighbor state that implies that the router has exchanged Hellos with the neighbor and that all required parameters match.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1510). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

125
Q

full state

A

full state In OSPF, a neighbor state that implies that the two routers have exchanged the complete (full) contents of their respective LSDBs.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1533). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

126
Q

Area Border Router (ABR)

A

Area Border Router (ABR) A router using OSPF in which the router has interfaces in multiple OSPF areas.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1513). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

127
Q

designated router

A

designated router In OSPF, on a multiaccess network, the router that wins an election and is therefore responsible for managing a streamlined process for exchanging OSPF topology information between all routers attached to that network.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1524). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

128
Q

fully adjacent

A

fully adjacent In OSPF, a characterization of the state of a neighbor in which the two neighbors have reached the full state.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1533). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

129
Q

Hello Interval

A

Hello Interval With OSPF and EIGRP, an interface timer that dictates how often the router should send Hello messages.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1535). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

130
Q

Dead Interval

A

Dead Interval In OSPF, a timer used for each neighbor. A router considers the neighbor to have failed if no Hellos are received from that neighbor in the time defined by the timer.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1523). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

131
Q

neighbor

A

neighbor In routing protocols, another router with which a router decides to exchange routing information.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1549). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

132
Q

router ID (RID)

A

router ID (RID) In EIGRP and OSPF, a 32-bit number, written in dotted-decimal notation, that uniquely identifies each router.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1559). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

133
Q

topology database

A

topology database The structured data that describes the network topology to a routing protocol. Link-state and balanced balanced hybrid routing protocols use topology tables, from which they build the entries in the routing table.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1568). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

134
Q

internal router

A

internal router In OSPF, a router with all interfaces in the same nonbackbone area.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1539). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

135
Q

backbone area

A

backbone area In OSPFv2 and OSPFv3, the special area in a multiarea design, with all non-backbone areas needing to connect to the backbone area, area 0.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1515). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

136
Q

reference bandwidth

A

reference bandwidth In OSPF, a configurable value for the OSPF routing process, used by OSPF when calculating an interface’s default OSPF cost metric, calculated as the interface’s bandwidth divided by the reference bandwidth.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1557). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

137
Q

interface bandwidth

A

interface bandwidth In OSPF, the numerator in the calculation of an interface’s default OSPF cost metric, calculated as the interface bandwidth divided by the reference bandwidth.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1538). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

138
Q

maximum paths

A

maximum paths In Cisco IOS, a reference to the number of equal cost routes (paths) to reach a single subnet that IOS will add to the IP routing table at the same time.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1547). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

139
Q

EIGRP version 6

A

EIGRP version 6 The version of the EIGRP routing protocol that supports IPv6, and not IPv4.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1528). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

140
Q

anycast address

A

anycast address An address shared by two or more hosts that exist in different parts of the network, so that by design, the routers will forward packets to the nearest of the two servers, allowing clients to communicate with the nearest such server, not caring which particular server with which the client communicates.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1513). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

141
Q

dual stack

A

dual stack A mode of operation in which a host or router runs both IPv4 and IPv6.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1527). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

142
Q

Link-local address

A

Link-local address: An IPv6 address that begins FE80. This serves as a unicast address for an interface to which devices apply a link-local scope. Devices often create their own link-local addresses using EUI-64 rules. A more complete term for comparison would be link-local unicast address.

Wendell, Odom. CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 1 (p. 1228). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

CCNA (2 decks)

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